ROS1-fusion protein induces PD-L1 expression via MEK-ERK activation in non-small cell lung cancer

INTRODUCTION: Despite some of the oncogenic driver mutations that have been associated with increased expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), the correlation between PD-L1 expression and ROS1 fusion in NSCLC cells, especially for those with Crizotinib resistance has not been fully addressed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of PD-L1 in 30 primary NSCLC tumors with/without ROS1-fusion protein was evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. To assess the correlation between ROS1 fusion and PD-L1 expression, we down-regulated ROS1 with RNA interference or specific inhibitor (Crizotinib) in ROS1-fusion positive NSCLC cell line HCC78; or up-regulate ROS1-fusion gene in an immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line (HBE). Mouse xenograft models were also used to determine the effect of ROS1 expression on PD-L1 expression in vivo. Crizotinib-resistant cell line was generated for measuring the association between Crizotinib resistance and PD-L1 expression. RESULTS: ROS1-rearrangement in primary NSCLC tumor was significantly associated with up-regulated PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 expression was significantly up-regulated in bronchial epithelial cells after forced expression of ROS1 fusion and was eliminated when HCC78 xenograft mouse models were treated with Crizotinib. We found PD-L1 expression was modulated by MEK-ERK pathway signaling in both parental and Crizotinib-resistant NSCLC cells with ROS1 fusion. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between ROS1-fusion and PD-L1 overexpression suggested that PD-L1/PD-1 blockade could be the second-line treatment option for the Crizotinib-resistant NSCLC with ROS1 rearrangement.