A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Farming within Low-Resource Settings

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Poultry production can function as an instrument for poverty alleviation and economic development. As low-income countries transition into higher incomes alongside growing urban populations, there will be an increasing demand for quality sources of animal products. Consequently, poultry production systems will continue to shift from subsidence agricultural practices to intensive food production that implies routine antimicrobial usage. Promotion of intensive poultry production could increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within resource-limited settings lacking in effective biosafety and biosecurity measures. Bacterial resistance lessens the portfolio of antimicrobials available in poultry husbandry and potentially human medicine. This issue requires a systems framework in order to evaluate the various social and biological factors driving the emergence of resistance within the context of intensive poultry production. ABSTRACT: The emergence, spread, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remain a pressing global health issue. Animal husbandry, in particular poultry, makes up a substantial portion of the global antimicrobial use. Despite the growing body of research evaluating the AMR within industrial farming systems, there is a gap in understanding the emergence of bacterial resistance originating from poultry within resource-limited environments. As countries continue to transition from low- to middle income countries (LMICs), there will be an increased demand for quality sources of animal protein. Further promotion of intensive poultry farming could address issues of food security, but it may also increase risks of AMR exposure to poultry, other domestic animals, wildlife, and human populations. Given that intensively raised poultry can function as animal reservoirs for AMR, surveillance is needed to evaluate the impacts on humans, other animals, and the environment. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of poultry production within low-resource settings in order to inform future small-scale poultry farming development. Future research is needed in order to understand the full extent of the epidemiology and ecology of AMR in poultry within low-resource settings.