Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy—Is the Vessel Half Full or Half Empty?

The urgency of the search and introduction into medical practice of the method for the therapy of severe forms of pneumonia COVID-19 is due to the lack of effective treatment methods that can destroy the pathogen. Expectations of a good clinical effect from the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are not groundless: there is a scientific justification in using MSCs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and of the proven mechanisms of their action. Along with this, there are very little reliable data about the mechanism of MSCs’ action when they are systemically administrated to a human or on the distribution of cells in the body and the long-term consequences of such administration. Data from model experiments are contradictory both concerning the specific action of MSCs and their safety. If clinical studies show an acceptable risk/benefit ratio for the application of MSCs, countries in which such studies have been conducted can expect their introduction into medical practice. In Russia, it is necessary to initiate experimental verification of the specific action of MSCs and the risks of their use in COVID-19 conditions in a sufficient quantity, and, in parallel, to create a mechanism for accelerated but justified admission of biomedical cell products into practice.