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The Molecular Adaptive Responses of Skeletal Muscle to High-Intensity Exercise/Training and Hypoxia
High-intensity exercise/training, especially interval exercise/training, has gained popularity in recent years. Hypoxic training was introduced to elite athletes half a century ago and has recently been adopted by the general public. In the current review, we have summarised the molecular adaptive r...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7464156/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32722013 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080656 |
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author | Li, Jia Li, Yanchun Atakan, Muhammed M. Kuang, Jujiao Hu, Yang Bishop, David J. Yan, Xu |
author_facet | Li, Jia Li, Yanchun Atakan, Muhammed M. Kuang, Jujiao Hu, Yang Bishop, David J. Yan, Xu |
author_sort | Li, Jia |
collection | PubMed |
description | High-intensity exercise/training, especially interval exercise/training, has gained popularity in recent years. Hypoxic training was introduced to elite athletes half a century ago and has recently been adopted by the general public. In the current review, we have summarised the molecular adaptive responses of skeletal muscle to high-intensity exercise/training, focusing on mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, and muscle fibre composition. The literature suggests that (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) PGC-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-α) might be the main mediators of skeletal muscle adaptations to high-intensity exercises in hypoxia. Exercise is known to be anti-inflammatory, while the effects of hypoxia on inflammatory signalling are more complex. The anti-inflammatory effects of a single session of exercise might result from the release of anti-inflammatory myokines and other cytokines, as well as the downregulation of Toll-like receptor signalling, while training-induced anti-inflammatory effects may be due to reductions in abdominal and visceral fat (which are main sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines). Hypoxia can lead to inflammation, and inflammation can result in tissue hypoxia. However, the hypoxic factor HIF1-α is essential for preventing excessive inflammation. Disease-induced hypoxia is related to an upregulation of inflammatory signalling, but the effects of exercise-induced hypoxia on inflammation are less conclusive. The effects of high-intensity exercise under hypoxia on skeletal muscle molecular adaptations and inflammatory signalling have not been fully explored and are worth investigating in future studies. Understanding these effects will lead to a more comprehensive scientific basis for maximising the benefits of high-intensity exercise. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7464156 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-74641562020-09-04 The Molecular Adaptive Responses of Skeletal Muscle to High-Intensity Exercise/Training and Hypoxia Li, Jia Li, Yanchun Atakan, Muhammed M. Kuang, Jujiao Hu, Yang Bishop, David J. Yan, Xu Antioxidants (Basel) Review High-intensity exercise/training, especially interval exercise/training, has gained popularity in recent years. Hypoxic training was introduced to elite athletes half a century ago and has recently been adopted by the general public. In the current review, we have summarised the molecular adaptive responses of skeletal muscle to high-intensity exercise/training, focusing on mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, and muscle fibre composition. The literature suggests that (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) PGC-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-α) might be the main mediators of skeletal muscle adaptations to high-intensity exercises in hypoxia. Exercise is known to be anti-inflammatory, while the effects of hypoxia on inflammatory signalling are more complex. The anti-inflammatory effects of a single session of exercise might result from the release of anti-inflammatory myokines and other cytokines, as well as the downregulation of Toll-like receptor signalling, while training-induced anti-inflammatory effects may be due to reductions in abdominal and visceral fat (which are main sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines). Hypoxia can lead to inflammation, and inflammation can result in tissue hypoxia. However, the hypoxic factor HIF1-α is essential for preventing excessive inflammation. Disease-induced hypoxia is related to an upregulation of inflammatory signalling, but the effects of exercise-induced hypoxia on inflammation are less conclusive. The effects of high-intensity exercise under hypoxia on skeletal muscle molecular adaptations and inflammatory signalling have not been fully explored and are worth investigating in future studies. Understanding these effects will lead to a more comprehensive scientific basis for maximising the benefits of high-intensity exercise. MDPI 2020-07-24 /pmc/articles/PMC7464156/ /pubmed/32722013 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080656 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Li, Jia Li, Yanchun Atakan, Muhammed M. Kuang, Jujiao Hu, Yang Bishop, David J. Yan, Xu The Molecular Adaptive Responses of Skeletal Muscle to High-Intensity Exercise/Training and Hypoxia |
title | The Molecular Adaptive Responses of Skeletal Muscle to High-Intensity Exercise/Training and Hypoxia |
title_full | The Molecular Adaptive Responses of Skeletal Muscle to High-Intensity Exercise/Training and Hypoxia |
title_fullStr | The Molecular Adaptive Responses of Skeletal Muscle to High-Intensity Exercise/Training and Hypoxia |
title_full_unstemmed | The Molecular Adaptive Responses of Skeletal Muscle to High-Intensity Exercise/Training and Hypoxia |
title_short | The Molecular Adaptive Responses of Skeletal Muscle to High-Intensity Exercise/Training and Hypoxia |
title_sort | molecular adaptive responses of skeletal muscle to high-intensity exercise/training and hypoxia |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7464156/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32722013 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080656 |
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