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Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Background and aims: The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and other single-celled organisms. It is involved in the development and maintenance of both innate and systemic immunity of the body. Emerging evidence has shown its role in liver diseases thr...

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Autores principales: Scarpellini, Emidio, Fagoonee, Sharmila, Rinninella, Emanuele, Rasetti, Carlo, Aquila, Isabella, Larussa, Tiziana, Ricci, Pietrantonio, Luzza, Francesco, Abenavoli, Ludovico
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7464500/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32756323
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082488
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author Scarpellini, Emidio
Fagoonee, Sharmila
Rinninella, Emanuele
Rasetti, Carlo
Aquila, Isabella
Larussa, Tiziana
Ricci, Pietrantonio
Luzza, Francesco
Abenavoli, Ludovico
author_facet Scarpellini, Emidio
Fagoonee, Sharmila
Rinninella, Emanuele
Rasetti, Carlo
Aquila, Isabella
Larussa, Tiziana
Ricci, Pietrantonio
Luzza, Francesco
Abenavoli, Ludovico
author_sort Scarpellini, Emidio
collection PubMed
description Background and aims: The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and other single-celled organisms. It is involved in the development and maintenance of both innate and systemic immunity of the body. Emerging evidence has shown its role in liver diseases through the immune system cross-talk. We review herein literature data regarding the triangular interaction between gut microbiota, immune system and liver in health and disease. Methods: We conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, microbiome, gut virome, immunity, gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Results: The gut microbiota consists of microorganisms that educate our systemic immunity through GALT and non-GALT interactions. The latter maintain health but are also involved in the pathophysiology and in the outcome of several liver diseases, particularly those with metabolic, toxic or immune-mediated etiology. In this context, gut virome has an emerging role in liver diseases and needs to be further investigated, especially due to the link reported between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and hepatic dysfunctions. Conclusions: Changes in gut microbiota composition and alterations in the immune system response are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic and immune-mediated liver diseases.
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spelling pubmed-74645002020-09-04 Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Scarpellini, Emidio Fagoonee, Sharmila Rinninella, Emanuele Rasetti, Carlo Aquila, Isabella Larussa, Tiziana Ricci, Pietrantonio Luzza, Francesco Abenavoli, Ludovico J Clin Med Review Background and aims: The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and other single-celled organisms. It is involved in the development and maintenance of both innate and systemic immunity of the body. Emerging evidence has shown its role in liver diseases through the immune system cross-talk. We review herein literature data regarding the triangular interaction between gut microbiota, immune system and liver in health and disease. Methods: We conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, microbiome, gut virome, immunity, gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Results: The gut microbiota consists of microorganisms that educate our systemic immunity through GALT and non-GALT interactions. The latter maintain health but are also involved in the pathophysiology and in the outcome of several liver diseases, particularly those with metabolic, toxic or immune-mediated etiology. In this context, gut virome has an emerging role in liver diseases and needs to be further investigated, especially due to the link reported between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and hepatic dysfunctions. Conclusions: Changes in gut microbiota composition and alterations in the immune system response are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic and immune-mediated liver diseases. MDPI 2020-08-03 /pmc/articles/PMC7464500/ /pubmed/32756323 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082488 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Scarpellini, Emidio
Fagoonee, Sharmila
Rinninella, Emanuele
Rasetti, Carlo
Aquila, Isabella
Larussa, Tiziana
Ricci, Pietrantonio
Luzza, Francesco
Abenavoli, Ludovico
Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
title Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
title_full Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
title_fullStr Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
title_full_unstemmed Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
title_short Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
title_sort gut microbiota and liver interaction through immune system cross-talk: a comprehensive review at the time of the sars-cov-2 pandemic
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7464500/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32756323
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082488
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