Breakthroughs in the Design of Novel Carbon-Based Metal Oxides Nanocomposites for VOCs Gas Sensing

Nowadays, the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at trace levels (down to ppb) is feasible by exploiting ultra-sensitive and highly selective chemoresistors, especially in the field of medical diagnosis. By coupling metal oxide semiconductors (MOS e.g., SnO(2), ZnO, WO(3), CuO, TiO(2) and Fe(2)O(3)) with innovative carbon-based materials (graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes), outstanding performances in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, limits of detection, response and recovery times towards specific gaseous targets (such as ethanol, acetone, formaldehyde and aromatic compounds) can be easily achieved. Notably, carbonaceous species, highly interconnected to MOS nanoparticles, enhance the sensor responses by (i) increasing the surface area and the pore content, (ii) favoring the electron migration, the transfer efficiency (spillover effect) and gas diffusion rate, (iii) promoting the active sites concomitantly limiting the nanopowders agglomeration; and (iv) forming nano-heterojunctions. Herein, the aim of the present review is to highlight the above-mentioned hybrid features in order to engineer novel flexible, miniaturized and low working temperature sensors, able to detect specific VOC biomarkers of a human’s disease.