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Muscle Protein Synthesis and Whole-Body Protein Turnover Responses to Ingesting Essential Amino Acids, Intact Protein, and Protein-Containing Mixed Meals with Considerations for Energy Deficit

Protein intake recommendations to optimally stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) are derived from dose-response studies examining the stimulatory effects of isolated intact proteins (e.g., whey, egg) on MPS in healthy individuals during energy balance. Those recommendations may not be adequate d...

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Autores principales: Gwin, Jess A., Church, David D., Wolfe, Robert R., Ferrando, Arny A., Pasiakos, Stefan M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7469068/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32824200
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082457
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author Gwin, Jess A.
Church, David D.
Wolfe, Robert R.
Ferrando, Arny A.
Pasiakos, Stefan M.
author_facet Gwin, Jess A.
Church, David D.
Wolfe, Robert R.
Ferrando, Arny A.
Pasiakos, Stefan M.
author_sort Gwin, Jess A.
collection PubMed
description Protein intake recommendations to optimally stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) are derived from dose-response studies examining the stimulatory effects of isolated intact proteins (e.g., whey, egg) on MPS in healthy individuals during energy balance. Those recommendations may not be adequate during periods of physiological stress, specifically the catabolic stress induced by energy deficit. Providing supplemental intact protein (20–25 g whey protein, 0.25–0.3 g protein/kg per meal) during strenuous military operations that elicit severe energy deficit does not stimulate MPS-associated anabolic signaling or attenuate lean mass loss. This occurs likely because a greater proportion of the dietary amino acids consumed are targeted for energy-yielding pathways, whole-body protein synthesis, and other whole-body essential amino acid (EAA)-requiring processes than the proportion targeted for MPS. Protein feeding formats that provide sufficient energy to offset whole-body energy and protein-requiring demands during energy deficit and leverage EAA content, digestion, and absorption kinetics may optimize MPS under these conditions. Understanding the effects of protein feeding format-driven alterations in EAA availability and subsequent changes in MPS and whole-body protein turnover is required to design feeding strategies that mitigate the catabolic effects of energy deficit. In this manuscript, we review the effects, advantages, disadvantages, and knowledge gaps pertaining to supplemental free-form EAA, intact protein, and protein-containing mixed meal ingestion on MPS. We discuss the fundamental role of whole-body protein balance and highlight the importance of comprehensively assessing whole-body and muscle protein kinetics when evaluating the anabolic potential of varying protein feeding formats during energy deficit.
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spelling pubmed-74690682020-09-04 Muscle Protein Synthesis and Whole-Body Protein Turnover Responses to Ingesting Essential Amino Acids, Intact Protein, and Protein-Containing Mixed Meals with Considerations for Energy Deficit Gwin, Jess A. Church, David D. Wolfe, Robert R. Ferrando, Arny A. Pasiakos, Stefan M. Nutrients Review Protein intake recommendations to optimally stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) are derived from dose-response studies examining the stimulatory effects of isolated intact proteins (e.g., whey, egg) on MPS in healthy individuals during energy balance. Those recommendations may not be adequate during periods of physiological stress, specifically the catabolic stress induced by energy deficit. Providing supplemental intact protein (20–25 g whey protein, 0.25–0.3 g protein/kg per meal) during strenuous military operations that elicit severe energy deficit does not stimulate MPS-associated anabolic signaling or attenuate lean mass loss. This occurs likely because a greater proportion of the dietary amino acids consumed are targeted for energy-yielding pathways, whole-body protein synthesis, and other whole-body essential amino acid (EAA)-requiring processes than the proportion targeted for MPS. Protein feeding formats that provide sufficient energy to offset whole-body energy and protein-requiring demands during energy deficit and leverage EAA content, digestion, and absorption kinetics may optimize MPS under these conditions. Understanding the effects of protein feeding format-driven alterations in EAA availability and subsequent changes in MPS and whole-body protein turnover is required to design feeding strategies that mitigate the catabolic effects of energy deficit. In this manuscript, we review the effects, advantages, disadvantages, and knowledge gaps pertaining to supplemental free-form EAA, intact protein, and protein-containing mixed meal ingestion on MPS. We discuss the fundamental role of whole-body protein balance and highlight the importance of comprehensively assessing whole-body and muscle protein kinetics when evaluating the anabolic potential of varying protein feeding formats during energy deficit. MDPI 2020-08-15 /pmc/articles/PMC7469068/ /pubmed/32824200 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082457 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Gwin, Jess A.
Church, David D.
Wolfe, Robert R.
Ferrando, Arny A.
Pasiakos, Stefan M.
Muscle Protein Synthesis and Whole-Body Protein Turnover Responses to Ingesting Essential Amino Acids, Intact Protein, and Protein-Containing Mixed Meals with Considerations for Energy Deficit
title Muscle Protein Synthesis and Whole-Body Protein Turnover Responses to Ingesting Essential Amino Acids, Intact Protein, and Protein-Containing Mixed Meals with Considerations for Energy Deficit
title_full Muscle Protein Synthesis and Whole-Body Protein Turnover Responses to Ingesting Essential Amino Acids, Intact Protein, and Protein-Containing Mixed Meals with Considerations for Energy Deficit
title_fullStr Muscle Protein Synthesis and Whole-Body Protein Turnover Responses to Ingesting Essential Amino Acids, Intact Protein, and Protein-Containing Mixed Meals with Considerations for Energy Deficit
title_full_unstemmed Muscle Protein Synthesis and Whole-Body Protein Turnover Responses to Ingesting Essential Amino Acids, Intact Protein, and Protein-Containing Mixed Meals with Considerations for Energy Deficit
title_short Muscle Protein Synthesis and Whole-Body Protein Turnover Responses to Ingesting Essential Amino Acids, Intact Protein, and Protein-Containing Mixed Meals with Considerations for Energy Deficit
title_sort muscle protein synthesis and whole-body protein turnover responses to ingesting essential amino acids, intact protein, and protein-containing mixed meals with considerations for energy deficit
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7469068/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32824200
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082457
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