Conformation and Morphology of 4-(NH(2)/OH)-Substituted l/d-Prolyl Polypeptides: Effect of Homo- and Heterochiral Backbones on Formation of β-Structures and Nanofibers

[Image: see text] The relative stereochemistry of C2 and C4 in 4-substituted prolyl polypeptides plays an important role in defining the derived conformation in solution. cis-(2S,4S)-Amino/hydroxy-l-prolyl polypeptide (l(C)-Amp(9)/l(C)-Hyp(9)) shows a PPII conformation in phosphate buffer and a β-structure in a relatively hydrophobic solvent, trifluoroethanol (TFE). It is now demonstrated that the homochiral enantiomeric cis-substituted d-prolyl polypeptide (d(C)-Amp(9)/d(C)-Hyp(9)) exhibits mirror image β-structures in TFE. In the case of alternating heterochiral prolyl peptides, it is the trans-substituted [l(T)(2S,4R)-d(T)(2R,4S)](n) prolyl polypeptide that shows β-structures in TFE, while the cis-substituted [l(C)(2S,4S)-d(C)(2R,4R)](n) prolyl polypeptide is disordered in both phosphate buffer and TFE. The results highlight the important chirality-specific structural requirements for β-structure formation. The observed conformation in solution (circular dichroism (CD)) is also correlated with the morphology of the self-assemblies (field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)), with the PPII form leading to spherical nanoparticles and β-structures leading to nanofiber formation. The results shed light on the role of relative stereochemistry at C2 and C4 in defining the polyproline peptide conformation in solution and how different conformations drive self-assemblies of peptides toward specific nanostructures.