Cargando…

Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates microglial activation against toxoplasmic encephalitis via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND: Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is a characterized component in red ginseng widely used in Korea and China. GRh2 exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. However, its effects on Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Xu, Xiang, Jin, Lan, Jiang, Tong, Lu, Ying, Aosai, Fumie, Piao, Hu-Nan, Xu, Guang-Hua, Jin, Cheng-Hua, Jin, Xue-Jun, Ma, Juan, Piao, Lian-Xun
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Elsevier 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7471213/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32913400
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.002
_version_ 1783578737534566400
author Xu, Xiang
Jin, Lan
Jiang, Tong
Lu, Ying
Aosai, Fumie
Piao, Hu-Nan
Xu, Guang-Hua
Jin, Cheng-Hua
Jin, Xue-Jun
Ma, Juan
Piao, Lian-Xun
author_facet Xu, Xiang
Jin, Lan
Jiang, Tong
Lu, Ying
Aosai, Fumie
Piao, Hu-Nan
Xu, Guang-Hua
Jin, Cheng-Hua
Jin, Xue-Jun
Ma, Juan
Piao, Lian-Xun
author_sort Xu, Xiang
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is a characterized component in red ginseng widely used in Korea and China. GRh2 exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. However, its effects on Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection have not been clarified yet. METHODS: The effect of GRh2 against T. gondii was assessed under in vitro and in vivo experiments. The BV2 cells were infected with tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain, and the effects of GRh2 were evaluated by MTT assay, morphological observations, immunofluorescence staining, a trypan blue exclusion assay, reverse transcription PCR, and Western blot analyses. The in vivo experiment was conducted with BALB/c mice inoculated with lethal amounts of tachyzoites with or without GRh2 treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The GRh2 treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of T. gondii under in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, GRh2 blocked the activation of microglia and specifically decreased the release of inflammatory mediators in response to T. gondii infection through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. In mice, GRh2 conferred modest protection from a lethal dose of T. gondii. After the treatment, the proliferation of tachyzoites in the peritoneal cavity of infected mice markedly decreased. Moreover, GRh2 also significantly decreased the T. gondii burden in mouse brain tissues. These findings indicate that GRh2 exhibits an anti–T. gondii effect and inhibits the microglial activation through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, providing the basic pharmacological basis for the development of new drugs to treat toxoplasmic encephalitis.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7471213
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2020
publisher Elsevier
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-74712132020-09-09 Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates microglial activation against toxoplasmic encephalitis via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway Xu, Xiang Jin, Lan Jiang, Tong Lu, Ying Aosai, Fumie Piao, Hu-Nan Xu, Guang-Hua Jin, Cheng-Hua Jin, Xue-Jun Ma, Juan Piao, Lian-Xun J Ginseng Res Pharmacology & Physiology BACKGROUND: Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is a characterized component in red ginseng widely used in Korea and China. GRh2 exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. However, its effects on Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection have not been clarified yet. METHODS: The effect of GRh2 against T. gondii was assessed under in vitro and in vivo experiments. The BV2 cells were infected with tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain, and the effects of GRh2 were evaluated by MTT assay, morphological observations, immunofluorescence staining, a trypan blue exclusion assay, reverse transcription PCR, and Western blot analyses. The in vivo experiment was conducted with BALB/c mice inoculated with lethal amounts of tachyzoites with or without GRh2 treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The GRh2 treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of T. gondii under in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, GRh2 blocked the activation of microglia and specifically decreased the release of inflammatory mediators in response to T. gondii infection through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. In mice, GRh2 conferred modest protection from a lethal dose of T. gondii. After the treatment, the proliferation of tachyzoites in the peritoneal cavity of infected mice markedly decreased. Moreover, GRh2 also significantly decreased the T. gondii burden in mouse brain tissues. These findings indicate that GRh2 exhibits an anti–T. gondii effect and inhibits the microglial activation through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, providing the basic pharmacological basis for the development of new drugs to treat toxoplasmic encephalitis. Elsevier 2020-09 2019-06-14 /pmc/articles/PMC7471213/ /pubmed/32913400 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.002 Text en © 2019 The Korean Society of Ginseng, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
spellingShingle Pharmacology & Physiology
Xu, Xiang
Jin, Lan
Jiang, Tong
Lu, Ying
Aosai, Fumie
Piao, Hu-Nan
Xu, Guang-Hua
Jin, Cheng-Hua
Jin, Xue-Jun
Ma, Juan
Piao, Lian-Xun
Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates microglial activation against toxoplasmic encephalitis via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
title Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates microglial activation against toxoplasmic encephalitis via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
title_full Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates microglial activation against toxoplasmic encephalitis via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
title_fullStr Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates microglial activation against toxoplasmic encephalitis via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
title_full_unstemmed Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates microglial activation against toxoplasmic encephalitis via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
title_short Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates microglial activation against toxoplasmic encephalitis via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
title_sort ginsenoside rh2 attenuates microglial activation against toxoplasmic encephalitis via tlr4/nf-κb signaling pathway
topic Pharmacology & Physiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7471213/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32913400
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.002
work_keys_str_mv AT xuxiang ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway
AT jinlan ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway
AT jiangtong ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway
AT luying ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway
AT aosaifumie ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway
AT piaohunan ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway
AT xuguanghua ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway
AT jinchenghua ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway
AT jinxuejun ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway
AT majuan ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway
AT piaolianxun ginsenosiderh2attenuatesmicroglialactivationagainsttoxoplasmicencephalitisviatlr4nfkbsignalingpathway