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Endogenous Retroviruses Walk a Fine Line between Priming and Silencing
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in mammals are closely related to infectious retroviruses and utilize host tRNAs as a primer for reverse transcription and replication, a hallmark of long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelements. Their dependency on tRNA makes these elements vulnerable to targeting by smal...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7472051/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32718022 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080792 |
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author | Cullen, Harrison Schorn, Andrea J. |
author_facet | Cullen, Harrison Schorn, Andrea J. |
author_sort | Cullen, Harrison |
collection | PubMed |
description | Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in mammals are closely related to infectious retroviruses and utilize host tRNAs as a primer for reverse transcription and replication, a hallmark of long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelements. Their dependency on tRNA makes these elements vulnerable to targeting by small RNAs derived from the 3′-end of mature tRNAs (3′-tRFs), which are highly expressed during epigenetic reprogramming and potentially protect many tissues in eukaryotes. Here, we review some key functions of ERV reprogramming during mouse and human development and discuss how small RNA-mediated silencing maintains genome stability when ERVs are temporarily released from heterochromatin repression. In particular, we take a closer look at the tRNA primer binding sites (PBS) of two highly active ERV families in mice and their sequence variation that is shaped by the conflict of successful tRNA priming for replication versus evasion of silencing by 3′-tRFs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7472051 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-74720512020-09-17 Endogenous Retroviruses Walk a Fine Line between Priming and Silencing Cullen, Harrison Schorn, Andrea J. Viruses Review Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in mammals are closely related to infectious retroviruses and utilize host tRNAs as a primer for reverse transcription and replication, a hallmark of long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelements. Their dependency on tRNA makes these elements vulnerable to targeting by small RNAs derived from the 3′-end of mature tRNAs (3′-tRFs), which are highly expressed during epigenetic reprogramming and potentially protect many tissues in eukaryotes. Here, we review some key functions of ERV reprogramming during mouse and human development and discuss how small RNA-mediated silencing maintains genome stability when ERVs are temporarily released from heterochromatin repression. In particular, we take a closer look at the tRNA primer binding sites (PBS) of two highly active ERV families in mice and their sequence variation that is shaped by the conflict of successful tRNA priming for replication versus evasion of silencing by 3′-tRFs. MDPI 2020-07-23 /pmc/articles/PMC7472051/ /pubmed/32718022 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080792 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Cullen, Harrison Schorn, Andrea J. Endogenous Retroviruses Walk a Fine Line between Priming and Silencing |
title | Endogenous Retroviruses Walk a Fine Line between Priming and Silencing |
title_full | Endogenous Retroviruses Walk a Fine Line between Priming and Silencing |
title_fullStr | Endogenous Retroviruses Walk a Fine Line between Priming and Silencing |
title_full_unstemmed | Endogenous Retroviruses Walk a Fine Line between Priming and Silencing |
title_short | Endogenous Retroviruses Walk a Fine Line between Priming and Silencing |
title_sort | endogenous retroviruses walk a fine line between priming and silencing |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7472051/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32718022 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080792 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT cullenharrison endogenousretroviruseswalkafinelinebetweenprimingandsilencing AT schornandreaj endogenousretroviruseswalkafinelinebetweenprimingandsilencing |