Cranial Functional Movement Disorders: A Case Series with Literature Review

BACKGROUND: Cranial functional movement disorders (CFMDs) affect the face, eyes, jaw, tongue, and palate. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine our large series of functional movement disorders (FMDs) patients where the cranial muscles were involved to determine their phenomenology and other clinical features. METHODS: This is a chart review of 26 patients who presented with CFMDs. RESULTS: There were 16 (61.53%) females and 10 (38.46%) male patients. The mean ± [standard deviation (SD)] age at the presentation was 33.96 ± 16.94 (Range: 11–83) years. The duration of symptoms ranged from one day to 6 years (Mean ±SD: 402.03 ±534.97 days). According to the Fahn-Williams criteria, CFMDs were documented in 24 patients and clinically established in two patients. The facial [38.46% (10/26)] involvement was the most common in our CFMDs patients. Oromandibular [19.23% (5/26)], ocular [15.38% (4/26)], lingual [15.38% (4/26)], speech [15.38% (4/26)] and palatal [(3.85; 1/26)] involvement was also seen. 10 (38.46%) patients also had associated FMD in the extracranial regions. Precipitating factors were present in 84.61% (22/26) of the patients and associated illnesses were present in 42.30% (11/26) of the patients. At 3 months follow-up, 9 (34.61%) patients had improved, 13 (50%) had partial improvement and 4 (15.38%) had no improvement. CONCLUSIONS: There was a slight female preponderance in our patients. CFMDs are more likely to involve facial muscles. Associated medical conditions like neuropsychiatric disturbances and headaches are frequently present in CFMDs patients. Early clinical diagnosis will avoid unnecessary investigations and allow the patient to seek the right treatment.