Satellite isoprene retrievals constrain emissions and atmospheric oxidation

Isoprene is the dominant non-methane organic compound emitted to the atmosphere(1–3). It drives ozone and aerosol production, modulates atmospheric oxidation, and interacts with the global nitrogen cycle(4–8). Isoprene emissions are highly uncertain(1,9), as is the non-linear chemistry coupling isoprene and the hydroxyl radical, OH—its primary sink(10–13). Here we present the first global isoprene measurements from space, using the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS). These isoprene measurements, together with observations of its oxidation product formaldehyde, provide new constraints on isoprene emissions and atmospheric oxidation. We find that isoprene:formaldehyde relationships measured from space are broadly consistent with current understanding of isoprene-OH chemistry, with no indication of missing OH recycling at low-NO(x). We analyze these datasets over four global isoprene hotspots in relation to model predictions, and present a first demonstration of isoprene emission quantification based directly on satellite measurements of isoprene itself. A major discrepancy emerges over Amazonia, where current underestimates of natural NO(x) emissions bias modeled OH and hence isoprene. Over southern Africa, we find that a prominent isoprene hotspot is missing from bottom-up predictions. A multi-year analysis sheds light on interannual isoprene variability, and suggests the role of El Niño.