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Factors Associated With Family Member’s Spanking of 3.5-year-old Children in Japan
BACKGROUND: Spanking can cause adverse psychological development and biological functional changes in children. However, spanking is widely used by parents in Japan. This study explored the risk factors for family member’s spanking of 3.5-year-old children using nationwide population data in Japan....
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Japan Epidemiological Association
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492701/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31685725 http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20190160 |
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author | Baba, Sachiko Eshak, Ehab S. Shirai, Kokoro Fujiwara, Takeo Yamaoka, Yui Iso, Hiroyasu |
author_facet | Baba, Sachiko Eshak, Ehab S. Shirai, Kokoro Fujiwara, Takeo Yamaoka, Yui Iso, Hiroyasu |
author_sort | Baba, Sachiko |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Spanking can cause adverse psychological development and biological functional changes in children. However, spanking is widely used by parents in Japan. This study explored the risk factors for family member’s spanking of 3.5-year-old children using nationwide population data in Japan. METHODS: Surveys were administered to family members in Japan who had a child in 2001 (first cohort) or in 2010 (second cohort), and the data when their child was 0.5, 1.5, and 3.5 years old were used. We used multivariate binary and ordinal logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between risk factors and spanking children at 3.5 years of age, which was subcategorized into frequencies of never, sometimes, and always spanking, presented with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Among 70,450 families, 62.8% and 7.9% sometimes and always spanked their children, respectively. Children in the second cohort were spanked less frequently compared with those in the first cohort, and fathers who responded to the questionnaire spanked children less frequently than mothers who responded. Identified associated factors for spanking were male child, presence of siblings of the child, not living in a two-parent household, not living in a three-generation household, younger parents, parents with lower education, no outside work or unstable work, and lower family income. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high prevalence of spanking and its associated factors. Approaching those with lower socioeconomic factors and promoting fathers’ involvement in parenting may be important public health strategies for reducing and preventing spanking. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7492701 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Japan Epidemiological Association |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-74927012020-10-05 Factors Associated With Family Member’s Spanking of 3.5-year-old Children in Japan Baba, Sachiko Eshak, Ehab S. Shirai, Kokoro Fujiwara, Takeo Yamaoka, Yui Iso, Hiroyasu J Epidemiol Original Article BACKGROUND: Spanking can cause adverse psychological development and biological functional changes in children. However, spanking is widely used by parents in Japan. This study explored the risk factors for family member’s spanking of 3.5-year-old children using nationwide population data in Japan. METHODS: Surveys were administered to family members in Japan who had a child in 2001 (first cohort) or in 2010 (second cohort), and the data when their child was 0.5, 1.5, and 3.5 years old were used. We used multivariate binary and ordinal logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between risk factors and spanking children at 3.5 years of age, which was subcategorized into frequencies of never, sometimes, and always spanking, presented with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Among 70,450 families, 62.8% and 7.9% sometimes and always spanked their children, respectively. Children in the second cohort were spanked less frequently compared with those in the first cohort, and fathers who responded to the questionnaire spanked children less frequently than mothers who responded. Identified associated factors for spanking were male child, presence of siblings of the child, not living in a two-parent household, not living in a three-generation household, younger parents, parents with lower education, no outside work or unstable work, and lower family income. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high prevalence of spanking and its associated factors. Approaching those with lower socioeconomic factors and promoting fathers’ involvement in parenting may be important public health strategies for reducing and preventing spanking. Japan Epidemiological Association 2020-10-05 /pmc/articles/PMC7492701/ /pubmed/31685725 http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20190160 Text en © 2019 Sachiko Baba et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Original Article Baba, Sachiko Eshak, Ehab S. Shirai, Kokoro Fujiwara, Takeo Yamaoka, Yui Iso, Hiroyasu Factors Associated With Family Member’s Spanking of 3.5-year-old Children in Japan |
title | Factors Associated With Family Member’s Spanking of 3.5-year-old Children in Japan |
title_full | Factors Associated With Family Member’s Spanking of 3.5-year-old Children in Japan |
title_fullStr | Factors Associated With Family Member’s Spanking of 3.5-year-old Children in Japan |
title_full_unstemmed | Factors Associated With Family Member’s Spanking of 3.5-year-old Children in Japan |
title_short | Factors Associated With Family Member’s Spanking of 3.5-year-old Children in Japan |
title_sort | factors associated with family member’s spanking of 3.5-year-old children in japan |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492701/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31685725 http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20190160 |
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