Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Delivering Sorafenib to Enhance Immunotherapy Induced by Doxorubicin for Effective Esophagus Cancer Therapy

[Image: see text] The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a significant role in weakening the effect of cancer immunotherapy, which calls for the remodeling of TME. Herein, we fabricated a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) to codeliver doxorubicin (Dox) and sorafenib (Sfn) as a drug delivery system (NLC/D-S). The Sfn was expected to regulate the TME of esophagus cancer. As a result, the immune response induced by Dox-related immunogenicity cell death could be fully realized. Our results demonstrated that Sfn was able to remodel the TME through downregulation of regulatory T cells (Treg), activation of effector T cells, and relieving of PD-1 expression, which achieved synergistic effect on the inhibition of primary tumor but also subsequent strong immune response on the regeneration of distant tumor.