Electrochemical removal of anodic aluminium oxide templates for the production of phase-pure cuprous oxide nanorods for antimicrobial surfaces

Antimicrobial surfaces are ones that incapacitate or kill pathogens landing on them, which could allow for self-sanitising surfaces for hospitals or implants, ensuring healthier stays and procedures. Cuprous compounds such as Cu(2)O are especially effective at incapacitating both viruses and bacteria, and nanorod arrays have been shown to prevent the adhesion of pathogens and mechanically deform bacteria to the point that their cell walls rupture. A Cu(2)O nanorod array should therefore allow for the exploitation of both of these effects. In the present work, an electrochemical method is introduced, where Cu(2)O nanorods formed in a substrate-supported anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template are held at a stable electrochemical potential throughout the removal of the AAO template. This avoids the partial reduction of the nanorods from Cu(2)O to Cu that was observed during chemical removal of the template, which was attributed to the presence of residual aluminium from the template fabrication process that reacts with the etchant and lowers the electrochemical potential of the nanorods to a value that favours reduction. Using the electrochemical removal method, the reliable production of phase-pure, free-standing, crystalline Cu(2)O nanorod arrays on ITO/glass substrates is demonstrated. This simple method is compatible with nanorod arrays of any size.