Interactions of Fe–N–S Co-Doped Porous Carbons with Bacteria: Sorption Effect and Enzyme-Like Properties

Carbon-based (nano)materials doped with transition metals, nitrogen and other heteroatoms are considered active heterogeneous catalysts in a wide range of chemical processes. Recently they have been scrutinized as artificial enzymes since they can catalyze proton-coupled electron transfer reactions vital for living organisms. Herein, interactions between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and either metal-free N and/or S doped or metal containing Fe–N–S co-doped porous carbons are studied. The Fe- and N-co-doped porous carbons (Fe–N–C) exhibit enhanced affinity toward bacteria as they show the highest adsorption capacity. Fe–N–C materials also show the strongest influence on the bacteria viability with visible toxic effect. Both types of bacteria studied reacted to the presence of Fe-doped carbons in a similar manner, showing a decrease in dehydrogenases activity in comparison to controls. The N-coordinated iron-doped carbons (Fe–N–C) may exhibit oxidase/peroxidase-like activity and activate O(2) dissolved in the solution and/or oxygen-containing species released by the bacteria (e.g., H(2)O(2)) to yield highly bactericidal reactive oxygen species. As Fe/N/ and/or S-doped carbon materials efficiently adsorb bacteria exhibiting simultaneously antibacterial properties, they can be applied, inter alia, as microbiological filters with enhanced biofouling resistance.