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Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015–Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity

Acetylcholinesterase is an important biochemical enzyme in that it controls acetylcholine-mediated neuronal transmission in the central nervous system, contains a unique structure with two binding sites connected by a gorge region, and it has historically been the main pharmacological target for tre...

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Autores principales: Eckroat, Todd J., Manross, Danielle L., Cowan, Seth C.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7504404/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32825138
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21175965
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author Eckroat, Todd J.
Manross, Danielle L.
Cowan, Seth C.
author_facet Eckroat, Todd J.
Manross, Danielle L.
Cowan, Seth C.
author_sort Eckroat, Todd J.
collection PubMed
description Acetylcholinesterase is an important biochemical enzyme in that it controls acetylcholine-mediated neuronal transmission in the central nervous system, contains a unique structure with two binding sites connected by a gorge region, and it has historically been the main pharmacological target for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Given the large projected increase in Alzheimer’s disease cases in the coming decades and its complex, multifactorial nature, new drugs that target multiple aspects of the disease at once are needed. Tacrine, the first acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used clinically but withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity concerns, remains an important starting point in research for the development of multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This review highlights tacrine-based, multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors published in the literature since 2015 with a specific focus on merged compounds (i.e., compounds where tacrine and a second pharmacophore show significant overlap in structure). The synthesis of these compounds from readily available starting materials is discussed, along with acetylcholinesterase inhibition data, relative to tacrine, and structure activity relationships. Where applicable, molecular modeling, to elucidate key enzyme-inhibitor interactions, and secondary biological activity is highlighted. Of the numerous compounds identified, there is a subset with promising preliminary screening results, which should inspire further development and future research in this field.
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spelling pubmed-75044042020-09-24 Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015–Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity Eckroat, Todd J. Manross, Danielle L. Cowan, Seth C. Int J Mol Sci Review Acetylcholinesterase is an important biochemical enzyme in that it controls acetylcholine-mediated neuronal transmission in the central nervous system, contains a unique structure with two binding sites connected by a gorge region, and it has historically been the main pharmacological target for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Given the large projected increase in Alzheimer’s disease cases in the coming decades and its complex, multifactorial nature, new drugs that target multiple aspects of the disease at once are needed. Tacrine, the first acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used clinically but withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity concerns, remains an important starting point in research for the development of multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This review highlights tacrine-based, multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors published in the literature since 2015 with a specific focus on merged compounds (i.e., compounds where tacrine and a second pharmacophore show significant overlap in structure). The synthesis of these compounds from readily available starting materials is discussed, along with acetylcholinesterase inhibition data, relative to tacrine, and structure activity relationships. Where applicable, molecular modeling, to elucidate key enzyme-inhibitor interactions, and secondary biological activity is highlighted. Of the numerous compounds identified, there is a subset with promising preliminary screening results, which should inspire further development and future research in this field. MDPI 2020-08-19 /pmc/articles/PMC7504404/ /pubmed/32825138 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21175965 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Eckroat, Todd J.
Manross, Danielle L.
Cowan, Seth C.
Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015–Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity
title Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015–Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity
title_full Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015–Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity
title_fullStr Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015–Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity
title_full_unstemmed Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015–Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity
title_short Merged Tacrine-Based, Multitarget-Directed Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 2015–Present: Synthesis and Biological Activity
title_sort merged tacrine-based, multitarget-directed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 2015–present: synthesis and biological activity
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7504404/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32825138
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21175965
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