IFN-γ is an independent risk factor associated with mortality in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 infection

BACKGROUND: Innate and adaptive immune responses have been evaluated in infected patients with COVID-19. The severity of the disease has been supposed to be associated with some profile not reported with other bacterial and viral pneumonia. We proposed a study in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 infection to evaluate the interleukin patterns and its role as prognosis factors. METHODS: A prospective cohort with moderate and severe cases of COVID-19 infection from June to July 2020. Blood samples from patients were collected regularly to evaluate IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10. Clinical, laboratory, radiological data, and outcomes were recorded. The outcome variable was in-hospital death, survival, mechanical ventilation, and admission at the intensive care unit. Data are presented in median and interquartile range [IQR]. RESULTS: We evaluated the Th1 and Th2 responses according to evolution, distinguishing possible predictive markers. The IFN-γ median of 323 pg/mL [IQR 166−570] was found in patients who died and 208 pg/mL [IQR 155−392] in the survival group (p = 0.017). IFN-γ was also higher in the early stages of the disease (394 pg/mL [IQR 229–575] against 162 pg/mL [IQR 117–259], p < 0.001). IL-4 that was increased in late-stage (182 pg/mL [IQR 162–199] against 131 pg/mL [IQR 124–152], p < 0.001) but not associated with mortality. Also, death was also related to male gender (relative risk = 1.5 [95 % confidence interval = 1.1−2.0]). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the activation of the host immune response between Th1 or Th2 in COVID-19 infection may be related to the final result between discharge or death. This implies an attempt to control cytokines, such as IFN-γ, with combined therapies for clinical treatment.