New Equilibrium Ensembles for Isolated Quantum Systems

The unitary dynamics of isolated quantum systems does not allow a pure state to thermalize. Because of that, if an isolated quantum system equilibrates, it will do so to the predictions of the so-called “diagonal ensemble” [Formula: see text]. Building on the intuition provided by Jaynes’ maximum entropy principle, in this paper we present a novel technique to generate progressively better approximations to [Formula: see text]. As an example, we write down a hierarchical set of ensembles which can be used to describe the equilibrium physics of small isolated quantum systems, going beyond the “thermal ansatz” of Gibbs ensembles.