The similarity of inherited diseases (II): clinical and biological similarity between the phenotypic series

BACKGROUND: Despite being caused by mutations in different genes, diseases in the same phenotypic series are clinically similar, as reported in Part I of this study. Here, in Part II, we hypothesized that the phenotypic series too might be clinically similar. Furthermore, on the assumption that gene mutations indirectly cause clinical phenotypes by directly affecting biological functions, we hypothesized that clinically similar phenotypic series might be biologically similar as well. METHODS: To test these hypotheses, we generated a clinical similarity network and a set of biological similarity networks. In both types of network, the nodes represent the phenotypic series, and the edges linking the nodes indicate the similarity of the linked phenotypic series. The weight of each edge is proportional to a similarity coefficient, which depends on the clinical phenotypes and the biological features that are shared by the linked phenotypic series, in the clinical and biological similarity networks, respectively. RESULTS: After assembling and analyzing the networks, we raised the threshold for the similarity coefficient, to retain edges of progressively greater weight. This way all the networks were gradually split into fragments, composed of phenotypic series with increasingly greater degrees of similarity. Finally, by comparing the fragments from the two types of network, we defined subsets of phenotypic series with varying types and degrees of clinical and biological correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Like the individual diseases, the phenotypic series too are clinically and biologically similar to each other. Furthermore, our findings unveil different modalities of correlation between the clinical manifestations and the biological features of the inherited diseases.