Unique Information and Secret Key Agreement

The partial information decomposition (PID) is a promising framework for decomposing a joint random variable into the amount of influence each source variable [Formula: see text] has on a target variable Y, relative to the other sources. For two sources, influence breaks down into the information that both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] redundantly share with Y, what [Formula: see text] uniquely shares with Y, what [Formula: see text] uniquely shares with Y, and finally what [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] synergistically share with Y. Unfortunately, considerable disagreement has arisen as to how these four components should be quantified. Drawing from cryptography, we consider the secret key agreement rate as an operational method of quantifying unique information. Secret key agreement rate comes in several forms, depending upon which parties are permitted to communicate. We demonstrate that three of these four forms are inconsistent with the PID. The remaining form implies certain interpretations as to the PID’s meaning—interpretations not present in PID’s definition but that, we argue, need to be explicit. Specifically, the use of a consistent PID quantified using a secret key agreement rate naturally induces a directional interpretation of the PID. We further reveal a surprising connection between third-order connected information, two-way secret key agreement rate, and synergy. We also consider difficulties which arise with a popular PID measure in light of the results here as well as from a maximum entropy viewpoint. We close by reviewing the challenges facing the PID.