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Using Multiscale Entropy to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reactive Hyperemia in People with a Spinal Cord Injury

Pressure ulcers are one of the most common complications of a spinal cord injury (SCI). Prolonged unrelieved pressure is thought to be the primary causative factor resulting in tissue ischemia and eventually pressure ulcers. Previous studies suggested that local cooling reduces skin ischemia of the...

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Autores principales: Liao, Fuyuan, Yang, Tim D., Wu, Fu-Lien, Cao, Chunmei, Mohamed, Ayman, Jan, Yih-Kuen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7514201/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33266806
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21010090
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author Liao, Fuyuan
Yang, Tim D.
Wu, Fu-Lien
Cao, Chunmei
Mohamed, Ayman
Jan, Yih-Kuen
author_facet Liao, Fuyuan
Yang, Tim D.
Wu, Fu-Lien
Cao, Chunmei
Mohamed, Ayman
Jan, Yih-Kuen
author_sort Liao, Fuyuan
collection PubMed
description Pressure ulcers are one of the most common complications of a spinal cord injury (SCI). Prolonged unrelieved pressure is thought to be the primary causative factor resulting in tissue ischemia and eventually pressure ulcers. Previous studies suggested that local cooling reduces skin ischemia of the compressed soft tissues based on smaller hyperemic responses. However, the effect of local cooling on nonlinear properties of skin blood flow (SBF) during hyperemia is unknown. In this study, 10 wheelchair users with SCI and 10 able-bodied (AB) controls underwent three experimental protocols, each of which included a 10-min period as baseline, a 20-min intervention period, and a 20-min period for recovering SBF. SBF was measured using a laser Doppler flowmetry. During the intervention period, a pressure of 60 mmHg was applied to the sacral skin, while three skin temperature settings were tested, including no temperature change, a decrease by 10 °C, and an increase by 10 °C, respectively. A multiscale entropy (MSE) method was employed to quantify the degree of regularity of blood flow oscillations (BFO) associated with the SBF control mechanisms during baseline and reactive hyperemia. The results showed that under pressure with cooling, skin BFO both in people with SCI and AB controls were more regular at multiple time scales during hyperemia compared to baseline, whereas under pressure with no temperature change and particularly pressure with heating, BFO were more irregular during hyperemia compared to baseline. Moreover, the results of surrogate tests indicated that changes in the degree of regularity of BFO from baseline to hyperemia were only partially attributed to changes in relative amplitudes of endothelial, neurogenic, and myogenic components of BFO. These findings support the use of MSE to assess the efficacy of local cooling on reactive hyperemia and assess the degree of skin ischemia in people with SCI.
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spelling pubmed-75142012020-11-09 Using Multiscale Entropy to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reactive Hyperemia in People with a Spinal Cord Injury Liao, Fuyuan Yang, Tim D. Wu, Fu-Lien Cao, Chunmei Mohamed, Ayman Jan, Yih-Kuen Entropy (Basel) Article Pressure ulcers are one of the most common complications of a spinal cord injury (SCI). Prolonged unrelieved pressure is thought to be the primary causative factor resulting in tissue ischemia and eventually pressure ulcers. Previous studies suggested that local cooling reduces skin ischemia of the compressed soft tissues based on smaller hyperemic responses. However, the effect of local cooling on nonlinear properties of skin blood flow (SBF) during hyperemia is unknown. In this study, 10 wheelchair users with SCI and 10 able-bodied (AB) controls underwent three experimental protocols, each of which included a 10-min period as baseline, a 20-min intervention period, and a 20-min period for recovering SBF. SBF was measured using a laser Doppler flowmetry. During the intervention period, a pressure of 60 mmHg was applied to the sacral skin, while three skin temperature settings were tested, including no temperature change, a decrease by 10 °C, and an increase by 10 °C, respectively. A multiscale entropy (MSE) method was employed to quantify the degree of regularity of blood flow oscillations (BFO) associated with the SBF control mechanisms during baseline and reactive hyperemia. The results showed that under pressure with cooling, skin BFO both in people with SCI and AB controls were more regular at multiple time scales during hyperemia compared to baseline, whereas under pressure with no temperature change and particularly pressure with heating, BFO were more irregular during hyperemia compared to baseline. Moreover, the results of surrogate tests indicated that changes in the degree of regularity of BFO from baseline to hyperemia were only partially attributed to changes in relative amplitudes of endothelial, neurogenic, and myogenic components of BFO. These findings support the use of MSE to assess the efficacy of local cooling on reactive hyperemia and assess the degree of skin ischemia in people with SCI. MDPI 2019-01-18 /pmc/articles/PMC7514201/ /pubmed/33266806 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21010090 Text en © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Liao, Fuyuan
Yang, Tim D.
Wu, Fu-Lien
Cao, Chunmei
Mohamed, Ayman
Jan, Yih-Kuen
Using Multiscale Entropy to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reactive Hyperemia in People with a Spinal Cord Injury
title Using Multiscale Entropy to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reactive Hyperemia in People with a Spinal Cord Injury
title_full Using Multiscale Entropy to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reactive Hyperemia in People with a Spinal Cord Injury
title_fullStr Using Multiscale Entropy to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reactive Hyperemia in People with a Spinal Cord Injury
title_full_unstemmed Using Multiscale Entropy to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reactive Hyperemia in People with a Spinal Cord Injury
title_short Using Multiscale Entropy to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reactive Hyperemia in People with a Spinal Cord Injury
title_sort using multiscale entropy to assess the efficacy of local cooling on reactive hyperemia in people with a spinal cord injury
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7514201/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33266806
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21010090
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