Graphene based sensors

The two dimensional, honeycomb structured, single carbon layered graphene has extensively been used in the field of sensor detection due to its unique physicochemical properties. These properties such as excellent electrical conductivity, high electron mobility, tunable optical properties, room temperature quantum Hall effect, large surface to volume ratio, high mechanical strength, and ease of functionalization, make it an ideal nanomaterial for sensor development. This has enabled the fabrication of a large variety of highly sensitive sensors which include colorimetric, electrochemical, potentiometric, fluorescence, etc. based sensors. These sensors in conjugation with graphene or its derivatives such as graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, etc. show highly desirable properties such as high sensitivity (detecting minute amounts of target analyte), specificity (no cross reactivity while detecting the target analyte), rapid results, low cost, extended storage shelf life and robustness (stability), and easy-to-use capabilities (user-friendly). This book chapter gives a detailed overview of all the advances made in the development and fabrication of novel graphene based sensors and their application in point of care (PoC) detection of various diseases as well as health monitoring devices. The different sensors, their methods of fabrication, their sensitivity and the analytes and biomolecules used have been discussed in detail and compared.