Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Achillea Wilhelmsii C. Koch Reduces the Expression of Cell Death-Associated Genes while Inducing DNA Damage in HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND: Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch hydroalcoholic extract (AWHE) is proven to induce cell death. Previous studies suggested that AWHE is an effective inhibitor against the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. The present study aimed to evaluate possible alterations of cell death-associated genes and determine the growth inhibitory activity of AWHE on HeLa cervical cancer cells. METHODS: The antiproliferative activity of AWHE was tested using the tetrazolium dye-based colorimetric assay (MTT assay). The mRNA levels of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), caspase-3, and Breast Cancer Susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) were measured using the real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction method. The in-cell levels of phosphorylated H2AX were determined using the in-cell ELISA method. The data were analyzed using the non-parametric ANOVA and Friedman tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Based on the MTT assay, The half-maximal inhibitory concentration and 81.99 µg/mL, respectively. The mRNA levels of BRCA1 increased after 12 and 24 hours of treatment (P<0.001), while the mRNA levels of VEGF significantly decreased after 12 hours (P=0.003) and 24 hours (P=0.001). Caspase-3 expression was increased in the HeLa cells after 6 and 12 hours (P<0.001) whereas γ-H2AX levels significantly increased after 24 and 48 hours of treatment (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: AWHE possesses growth inhibitory activity by altering the expression of cell death-associated genes. Using extracts from herbal plants may provide alternative strategies to be deployed in the fight against cancer.