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Modelling the interaction between tourism, energy consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization: renewed evidence from panel VAR
In less than two decades, the global tourism industry has overtaken the construction industry as one of the biggest polluters, accounting for up to 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions as reported by the United National World Trade Organization (UNWTO 2018). This position resonates the consensus of...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7525282/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32638306 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09869-9 |
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author | Adedoyin, Festus Fatai Bekun, Festus Victor |
author_facet | Adedoyin, Festus Fatai Bekun, Festus Victor |
author_sort | Adedoyin, Festus Fatai |
collection | PubMed |
description | In less than two decades, the global tourism industry has overtaken the construction industry as one of the biggest polluters, accounting for up to 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions as reported by the United National World Trade Organization (UNWTO 2018). This position resonates the consensus of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Consequently, research into the causal link between emissions and the tourism industry has increased significantly focusing extensively on top earners from the industry. However, few studies have thoroughly assessed this relationship for small island economies that are highly dependent on tourism. Hence, this study assessed the causal relationship between CO(2) emissions, real GDP per capita (RGDP) and the tourism industry. The analysis is conducted for seven tourism-dependent countries for the period 1995 to 2014 using panel VAR approach, with support from fully modified ordinary least square and pooled mean group–autoregressive distributed lag models. Unit root tests confirm that all variables are stationary at first difference. Our VAR Granger causality/block exogeneity Wald test results show a unidirectional causality flowing from tourism to CO(2) emission, RGDP and energy consumption, but a bi-directional causality exists between tourism and urbanization. This implies that in countries that depend on tourism, the behaviour of CO(2) emission, RGDP and energy consumption can be predicted by the volume of tourist arrivals, but not the other way around. The impulse response analysis also shows that the responses of tourism to shocks in CO(2) appear negative within the 1st year, positive within the 2nd and 3rd years but revert to equilibrium in the fourth year. Finally, the reaction of tourism to shocks in energy consumption is similar to its reaction to shocks in RGDP. Tourism responds positively to shocks in urbanization throughout the periods. These outcomes were resonated by the Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality analysis where the growth-induced tourism hypothesis is validated as well as feedback causality observed between tourism and pollutant emission and urbanization and pollutant emission in the blocks over the sampled period. Consequently, this study draws pertinent energy and tourism policy implications for sustainable tourism on the panel over their growth trajectory without compromise for green environment. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7525282 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-75252822020-10-14 Modelling the interaction between tourism, energy consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization: renewed evidence from panel VAR Adedoyin, Festus Fatai Bekun, Festus Victor Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Research Article In less than two decades, the global tourism industry has overtaken the construction industry as one of the biggest polluters, accounting for up to 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions as reported by the United National World Trade Organization (UNWTO 2018). This position resonates the consensus of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Consequently, research into the causal link between emissions and the tourism industry has increased significantly focusing extensively on top earners from the industry. However, few studies have thoroughly assessed this relationship for small island economies that are highly dependent on tourism. Hence, this study assessed the causal relationship between CO(2) emissions, real GDP per capita (RGDP) and the tourism industry. The analysis is conducted for seven tourism-dependent countries for the period 1995 to 2014 using panel VAR approach, with support from fully modified ordinary least square and pooled mean group–autoregressive distributed lag models. Unit root tests confirm that all variables are stationary at first difference. Our VAR Granger causality/block exogeneity Wald test results show a unidirectional causality flowing from tourism to CO(2) emission, RGDP and energy consumption, but a bi-directional causality exists between tourism and urbanization. This implies that in countries that depend on tourism, the behaviour of CO(2) emission, RGDP and energy consumption can be predicted by the volume of tourist arrivals, but not the other way around. The impulse response analysis also shows that the responses of tourism to shocks in CO(2) appear negative within the 1st year, positive within the 2nd and 3rd years but revert to equilibrium in the fourth year. Finally, the reaction of tourism to shocks in energy consumption is similar to its reaction to shocks in RGDP. Tourism responds positively to shocks in urbanization throughout the periods. These outcomes were resonated by the Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality analysis where the growth-induced tourism hypothesis is validated as well as feedback causality observed between tourism and pollutant emission and urbanization and pollutant emission in the blocks over the sampled period. Consequently, this study draws pertinent energy and tourism policy implications for sustainable tourism on the panel over their growth trajectory without compromise for green environment. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2020-07-07 2020 /pmc/articles/PMC7525282/ /pubmed/32638306 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09869-9 Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Adedoyin, Festus Fatai Bekun, Festus Victor Modelling the interaction between tourism, energy consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization: renewed evidence from panel VAR |
title | Modelling the interaction between tourism, energy consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization: renewed evidence from panel VAR |
title_full | Modelling the interaction between tourism, energy consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization: renewed evidence from panel VAR |
title_fullStr | Modelling the interaction between tourism, energy consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization: renewed evidence from panel VAR |
title_full_unstemmed | Modelling the interaction between tourism, energy consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization: renewed evidence from panel VAR |
title_short | Modelling the interaction between tourism, energy consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization: renewed evidence from panel VAR |
title_sort | modelling the interaction between tourism, energy consumption, pollutant emissions and urbanization: renewed evidence from panel var |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7525282/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32638306 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09869-9 |
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