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Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), encoded by the seb gene, is a virulence factor produced by Staphylococcus aureus that is involved mainly in food poisoning and is known to act as an aggravating factor in patients with atopic dermatitis. Research results in animal infection models support the conc...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7530716/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004977 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73409-1 |
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author | Ogonowska, Patrycja Nakonieczna, Joanna |
author_facet | Ogonowska, Patrycja Nakonieczna, Joanna |
author_sort | Ogonowska, Patrycja |
collection | PubMed |
description | Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), encoded by the seb gene, is a virulence factor produced by Staphylococcus aureus that is involved mainly in food poisoning and is known to act as an aggravating factor in patients with atopic dermatitis. Research results in animal infection models support the concept that superantigens, including SEB contribute to sepsis and skin and soft tissue infections. In contrast to antibiotics, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a promising method to combat both bacterial cells and virulence factors. The main aims of this research were to (1) select the most stable reference genes under sublethal aPDI treatments and (2) evaluate the impact of aPDI on seb. Two aPDI combinations were applied under sublethal conditions: rose bengal (RB) and green light (λ(max) = 515 nm) and new methylene blue (NMB) and red light (λ(max) = 632 nm). The stability of ten candidate reference genes (16S rRNA, fabD, ftsZ, gmk, gyrB, proC, pyk, rho, rpoB and tpiA) was evaluated upon aPDI using four software packages—BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder. Statistical analyses ranked ftsZ and gmk (RB + green light) and ftsZ, proC, and fabD (NMB + red light) as the most stable reference genes upon photodynamic treatment. Our studies showed downregulation of seb under both aPDI conditions, suggesting that aPDI could decrease the level of virulence factors. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7530716 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-75307162020-10-02 Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis Ogonowska, Patrycja Nakonieczna, Joanna Sci Rep Article Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), encoded by the seb gene, is a virulence factor produced by Staphylococcus aureus that is involved mainly in food poisoning and is known to act as an aggravating factor in patients with atopic dermatitis. Research results in animal infection models support the concept that superantigens, including SEB contribute to sepsis and skin and soft tissue infections. In contrast to antibiotics, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a promising method to combat both bacterial cells and virulence factors. The main aims of this research were to (1) select the most stable reference genes under sublethal aPDI treatments and (2) evaluate the impact of aPDI on seb. Two aPDI combinations were applied under sublethal conditions: rose bengal (RB) and green light (λ(max) = 515 nm) and new methylene blue (NMB) and red light (λ(max) = 632 nm). The stability of ten candidate reference genes (16S rRNA, fabD, ftsZ, gmk, gyrB, proC, pyk, rho, rpoB and tpiA) was evaluated upon aPDI using four software packages—BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder. Statistical analyses ranked ftsZ and gmk (RB + green light) and ftsZ, proC, and fabD (NMB + red light) as the most stable reference genes upon photodynamic treatment. Our studies showed downregulation of seb under both aPDI conditions, suggesting that aPDI could decrease the level of virulence factors. Nature Publishing Group UK 2020-10-01 /pmc/articles/PMC7530716/ /pubmed/33004977 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73409-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Article Ogonowska, Patrycja Nakonieczna, Joanna Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis |
title | Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis |
title_full | Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis |
title_fullStr | Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis |
title_short | Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis |
title_sort | validation of stable reference genes in staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of seb virulence factor analysis |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7530716/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004977 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73409-1 |
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