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Cholesterol 25‐Hydroxylase inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 and has spread across the globe. SARS‐CoV‐2 is a highly infectious virus with no vaccine or antiviral therapy available to control the pandemic; therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and the host immune...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7537045/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32944968 http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106057 |
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author | Wang, Shaobo Li, Wanyu Hui, Hui Tiwari, Shashi Kant Zhang, Qiong Croker, Ben A Rawlings, Stephen Smith, Davey Carlin, Aaron F Rana, Tariq M |
author_facet | Wang, Shaobo Li, Wanyu Hui, Hui Tiwari, Shashi Kant Zhang, Qiong Croker, Ben A Rawlings, Stephen Smith, Davey Carlin, Aaron F Rana, Tariq M |
author_sort | Wang, Shaobo |
collection | PubMed |
description | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 and has spread across the globe. SARS‐CoV‐2 is a highly infectious virus with no vaccine or antiviral therapy available to control the pandemic; therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and the host immune responses to SARS‐CoV‐2. SARS‐CoV‐2 is a new member of the betacoronavirus genus like other closely related viruses including SARS‐CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV). Both SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV have caused serious outbreaks and epidemics in the past eighteen years. Here, we report that one of the interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs), cholesterol 25‐hydroxylase (CH25H), is induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in vitro and in COVID‐19‐infected patients. CH25H converts cholesterol to 25‐hydrocholesterol (25HC) and 25HC shows broad anti‐coronavirus activity by blocking membrane fusion. Furthermore, 25HC inhibits USA‐WA1/2020 SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in lung epithelial cells and viral entry in human lung organoids. Mechanistically, 25HC inhibits viral membrane fusion by activating the ER‐localized acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) which leads to the depletion of accessible cholesterol from the plasma membrane. Altogether, our results shed light on a potentially broad antiviral mechanism by 25HC through depleting accessible cholesterol on the plasma membrane to suppress virus–cell fusion. Since 25HC is a natural product with no known toxicity at effective concentrations, it provides a potential therapeutic candidate for COVID‐19 and emerging viral diseases in the future. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7537045 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-75370452020-10-07 Cholesterol 25‐Hydroxylase inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol Wang, Shaobo Li, Wanyu Hui, Hui Tiwari, Shashi Kant Zhang, Qiong Croker, Ben A Rawlings, Stephen Smith, Davey Carlin, Aaron F Rana, Tariq M EMBO J Articles Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 and has spread across the globe. SARS‐CoV‐2 is a highly infectious virus with no vaccine or antiviral therapy available to control the pandemic; therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and the host immune responses to SARS‐CoV‐2. SARS‐CoV‐2 is a new member of the betacoronavirus genus like other closely related viruses including SARS‐CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV). Both SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV have caused serious outbreaks and epidemics in the past eighteen years. Here, we report that one of the interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs), cholesterol 25‐hydroxylase (CH25H), is induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in vitro and in COVID‐19‐infected patients. CH25H converts cholesterol to 25‐hydrocholesterol (25HC) and 25HC shows broad anti‐coronavirus activity by blocking membrane fusion. Furthermore, 25HC inhibits USA‐WA1/2020 SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in lung epithelial cells and viral entry in human lung organoids. Mechanistically, 25HC inhibits viral membrane fusion by activating the ER‐localized acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) which leads to the depletion of accessible cholesterol from the plasma membrane. Altogether, our results shed light on a potentially broad antiviral mechanism by 25HC through depleting accessible cholesterol on the plasma membrane to suppress virus–cell fusion. Since 25HC is a natural product with no known toxicity at effective concentrations, it provides a potential therapeutic candidate for COVID‐19 and emerging viral diseases in the future. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2020-10-05 2020-11-02 /pmc/articles/PMC7537045/ /pubmed/32944968 http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106057 Text en © 2020 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY NC ND 4.0 license This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Articles Wang, Shaobo Li, Wanyu Hui, Hui Tiwari, Shashi Kant Zhang, Qiong Croker, Ben A Rawlings, Stephen Smith, Davey Carlin, Aaron F Rana, Tariq M Cholesterol 25‐Hydroxylase inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol |
title | Cholesterol 25‐Hydroxylase inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol |
title_full | Cholesterol 25‐Hydroxylase inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol |
title_fullStr | Cholesterol 25‐Hydroxylase inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol |
title_full_unstemmed | Cholesterol 25‐Hydroxylase inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol |
title_short | Cholesterol 25‐Hydroxylase inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol |
title_sort | cholesterol 25‐hydroxylase inhibits sars‐cov‐2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol |
topic | Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7537045/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32944968 http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106057 |
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