Characterization of novel regulators for heat stress tolerance in tomato from Indian sub‐continent

The footprint of tomato cultivation, a cool region crop that exhibits heat stress (HS) sensitivity, is increasing in the tropics/sub‐tropics. Knowledge of novel regulatory hot spots from varieties growing in the Indian sub‐continent climatic zones could be vital for developing HS‐resilient crops. Comparative transcriptome‐wide signatures of a tolerant (CLN1621L) and sensitive (CA4) cultivar pair shortlisted from a pool of varieties exhibiting variable thermo‐sensitivity using physiological‐, survival‐ and yield‐related traits revealed redundant to cultivar‐specific HS regulation. The antagonistically expressing genes encode enzymes and proteins that have roles in plant defence and abiotic stresses. Functional characterization of three antagonistic genes by overexpression and silencing established Solyc09g014280 (Acylsugar acyltransferase) and Solyc07g056570 (Notabilis) that are up‐regulated in tolerant cultivar, as positive regulators of HS tolerance and Solyc03g020030 (Pin‐II proteinase inhibitor), that are down‐regulated in CLN1621L, as negative regulator of thermotolerance. Transcriptional assessment of promoters of these genes by SNPs in stress‐responsive cis‐elements and promoter swapping experiments in opposite cultivar background showed inherent cultivar‐specific orchestration of transcription factors in regulating transcription. Moreover, overexpression of three ethylene response transcription factors (ERF.C1/F4/F5) also improved HS tolerance in tomato. This study identifies several novel HS tolerance genes and provides proof of their utility in tomato thermotolerance.