Dysfunction of the Prefrontal Cortex in Betel-Quid–Dependent Chewers

Betel quid is the fourth most popular psychoactive agent worldwide. Imaging studies have found altered brain structure in prefrontal cortex (PFC) in betel-quid dependent (BQD) chewers. However, the brain function in PFC associated with BQ use still remains unclear. The present study aimed to examine brain functional activity in PFC in individuals with BQD. This study recruited 48 participants with BQD and 22 normal controls (NCs). Both BQ-specific cue reactivity and Go/NoGo tasks were administered with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Behavioral results showed a deficit in the choice reaction time task in BQD group. The fMRI results of the cue reactivity task suggested that, individuals with BQD exhibited responses in right ventromedial PFC, left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), left lateral parietal lobe (LPL), left middle temporal gyrus and left visual cortex, when seeing BQ images compared with control images. In the Go/NoGo task, relative to NCs group, individuals with BQD showed higher activity in right dorsolateral PFC, right PCC and bilateral LPL between NoGo and Go trials. Across these two tasks, we consistently found disrupted function in PFC in individuals with BQD, which might lead to impaired craving and response inhibition in BQ addiction. Results of current study might shed light on the neural mechanisms involved in BQ use, which could be used as potential guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of BQ dependence.