CD44, a Predominant Protein in Methylglyoxal-Induced Secretome of Muscle Cells, is Elevated in Diabetic Plasma

[Image: see text] Methylglyoxal (MG), a glycolytic intermediate and reactive dicarbonyl, is responsible for exacerbation of insulin resistance and diabetic complication. In this study, MG-induced secretome of rat muscle cells was identified and relatively quantified by SWATH-MS. A total of 643 proteins were identified in MG-induced secretome, of which 82 proteins were upregulated and 99 proteins were downregulated by more than 1.3-fold in SWATH analysis. Further, secretory proteins from the classical secretory pathway and nonclassical secretory pathway were identified using SignalP and SecretomeP, respectively. A total of 180 proteins were identified with SignalP, and 113 proteins were identified with SecretomeP. The differentially expressed proteins were functionally annotated by KEGG pathway analysis using Cytoscape software with plugin clusterMaker. The differentially expressed proteins were found to be involved in various pathways like extracellular matrix (ECM)–receptor interaction, leukocyte transendothelial migration, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, complement and coagulation cascades, and lysosomal pathway. Since the MG levels are high in diabetic conditions, the presence of MG-induced secreted proteins was inspected by profiling human plasma of healthy and diabetic subjects (n = 10 each). CD44, a predominant MG-induced secreted protein, was found to be elevated in the diabetic plasma and to have a role in the development of insulin resistance.