Fabrication of a Greener TiO(2)@Gum Arabic-Carbon Paste Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Pb(2+) Ions in Plastic Toys

[Image: see text] A novel greener methodology is reported for the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles (NPs) using gum Arabic (Acacia senegal) and the characterization of the ensuing TiO(2) NPs by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution-TEM, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of TiO(2) NPs in the anatase phase with high crystal purity, while TEM confirmed the size to be 8.9 ± 1.5 nm with a spherical morphology. The electrode for the electrochemical detection of Pb(2+) ions was modified by a carbon paste fabricated using the synthesized TiO(2) NPs. Compared to the bare electrode, the fabricated electrode exhibited improved electro–catalytic activity toward the reduction of Pb(2+) ions. The detection limit, quantification limit, and the sensitivity of the developed electrode were observed by using differential pulse voltammetry to be 506 ppb, 1.68 ppm, and 0.52 ± 0.01 μA μM(–1), respectively. The constructed electrode was tested for the detection of lead content in plastic toys.