Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Cancer Incidence: Analysis of SEER Cancer Registry Data from 1992–2016

BACKGROUND: Previous research has identified an association between fine particulate matter ([Formula: see text]) air pollution and lung cancer. Most of the evidence for this association, however, is based on research using lung cancer mortality, not incidence. Research that examines potential associations between [Formula: see text] and incidence of non-lung cancers is limited. OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the incidence of cancer and exposure to [Formula: see text] using [Formula: see text] cases of cancer incidences from U.S. registries. Secondary objectives include evaluating the sensitivity of the associations to model selection, spatial control, and latency period as well as estimating the exposure–response relationship for several cancer types. METHODS: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program data were used to calculate incidence rates for various cancer types in 607 U.S. counties. County-level [Formula: see text] concentrations were estimated using integrated empirical geographic regression models. Flexible semi-nonparametric regression models were used to estimate associations between [Formula: see text] and cancer incidence for selected cancers while controlling for important county-level covariates. Primary time-independent models using average incidence rates from 1992–2016 and average [Formula: see text] from 1988–2015 were estimated. In addition, time-varying models using annual incidence rates from 2002–2011 and lagged moving averages of annual estimates for [Formula: see text] were also estimated. RESULTS: The incidences of all cancer and lung cancer were consistently associated with [Formula: see text]. The incident rate ratios (IRRs), per [Formula: see text] increase in [Formula: see text] , for all and lung cancer were 1.09 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.14) and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.30), respectively. Less robust associations were observed with oral, rectal, liver, skin, breast, and kidney cancers. DISCUSSION: Exposure to [Formula: see text] air pollution contributes to lung cancer incidence and is potentially associated with non-lung cancer incidence. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7246