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Unraveling the Dynamic Nexus Between Trade Liberalization, Energy Consumption, CO(2) Emissions, and Health Expenditure in Southeast Asian Countries

OBJECTIVE: Most of the Southeast Asian countries witnessed remarkable economic growth in the last few decades. Trade is a primary factor in achieving this exponential economic progress in these countries. Besides, the positive implications of trade, it has associated cost of escalated energy consump...

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Autores principales: Akbar, Ahsan, Rehman, Alam, Ullah, Irfan, Zeeshan, Muhammad, Afridi, Fakhr E Alam
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Dove 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7547123/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33116973
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S272801
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author Akbar, Ahsan
Rehman, Alam
Ullah, Irfan
Zeeshan, Muhammad
Afridi, Fakhr E Alam
author_facet Akbar, Ahsan
Rehman, Alam
Ullah, Irfan
Zeeshan, Muhammad
Afridi, Fakhr E Alam
author_sort Akbar, Ahsan
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVE: Most of the Southeast Asian countries witnessed remarkable economic growth in the last few decades. Trade is a primary factor in achieving this exponential economic progress in these countries. Besides, the positive implications of trade, it has associated cost of escalated energy consumption, CO(2) emissions, and resulting health complications which leads to higher public health expenditures. This study examines the nexus between trade liberalization, energy consumption, CO(2) emissions, and health expenditures in Southeast Asian countries for the period of 1991 to 2018. METHODS: The empirical methods used in this study entail diagnostic testing, correlation analysis, and structure equation modeling (SEM) technique. SEM is an advanced multivariate analysis technique that can test complex multivariate causal associations among a set of variables. Therefore, it is the most suitable econometric approach to explore the dynamic association between trade openness, energy consumption, CO(2) emissions, and health expenditures. RESULTS: The empirical results reveal a nexus between trade openness, energy consumption, CO(2) emissions, and health expenditure in Southeast Asian countries. Nevertheless, pollutant emissions have a direct impact on health expenditures, whereas trade and energy consumption shows an indirect influence on the escalation in public health spending in sample Southeast Asian countries. Moreover, the mediating path of each indirect effect is energy consumption. CONCLUSION: These results imply that Southeast Asian countries heavily rely on fossil energy to fuel economic growth. Hence, to promote sustainable and eco-friendly economic development, the respective governments need to reform their energy sectors by tapping into renewable energy resources and deploy green technologies to reduce pollutant emissions for the development of a healthy society. In addition, governments should levy taxes on highly polluting industries so as to curtail carbon emissions and resulting health expenditures.
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spelling pubmed-75471232020-10-27 Unraveling the Dynamic Nexus Between Trade Liberalization, Energy Consumption, CO(2) Emissions, and Health Expenditure in Southeast Asian Countries Akbar, Ahsan Rehman, Alam Ullah, Irfan Zeeshan, Muhammad Afridi, Fakhr E Alam Risk Manag Healthc Policy Original Research OBJECTIVE: Most of the Southeast Asian countries witnessed remarkable economic growth in the last few decades. Trade is a primary factor in achieving this exponential economic progress in these countries. Besides, the positive implications of trade, it has associated cost of escalated energy consumption, CO(2) emissions, and resulting health complications which leads to higher public health expenditures. This study examines the nexus between trade liberalization, energy consumption, CO(2) emissions, and health expenditures in Southeast Asian countries for the period of 1991 to 2018. METHODS: The empirical methods used in this study entail diagnostic testing, correlation analysis, and structure equation modeling (SEM) technique. SEM is an advanced multivariate analysis technique that can test complex multivariate causal associations among a set of variables. Therefore, it is the most suitable econometric approach to explore the dynamic association between trade openness, energy consumption, CO(2) emissions, and health expenditures. RESULTS: The empirical results reveal a nexus between trade openness, energy consumption, CO(2) emissions, and health expenditure in Southeast Asian countries. Nevertheless, pollutant emissions have a direct impact on health expenditures, whereas trade and energy consumption shows an indirect influence on the escalation in public health spending in sample Southeast Asian countries. Moreover, the mediating path of each indirect effect is energy consumption. CONCLUSION: These results imply that Southeast Asian countries heavily rely on fossil energy to fuel economic growth. Hence, to promote sustainable and eco-friendly economic development, the respective governments need to reform their energy sectors by tapping into renewable energy resources and deploy green technologies to reduce pollutant emissions for the development of a healthy society. In addition, governments should levy taxes on highly polluting industries so as to curtail carbon emissions and resulting health expenditures. Dove 2020-10-05 /pmc/articles/PMC7547123/ /pubmed/33116973 http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S272801 Text en © 2020 Akbar et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).
spellingShingle Original Research
Akbar, Ahsan
Rehman, Alam
Ullah, Irfan
Zeeshan, Muhammad
Afridi, Fakhr E Alam
Unraveling the Dynamic Nexus Between Trade Liberalization, Energy Consumption, CO(2) Emissions, and Health Expenditure in Southeast Asian Countries
title Unraveling the Dynamic Nexus Between Trade Liberalization, Energy Consumption, CO(2) Emissions, and Health Expenditure in Southeast Asian Countries
title_full Unraveling the Dynamic Nexus Between Trade Liberalization, Energy Consumption, CO(2) Emissions, and Health Expenditure in Southeast Asian Countries
title_fullStr Unraveling the Dynamic Nexus Between Trade Liberalization, Energy Consumption, CO(2) Emissions, and Health Expenditure in Southeast Asian Countries
title_full_unstemmed Unraveling the Dynamic Nexus Between Trade Liberalization, Energy Consumption, CO(2) Emissions, and Health Expenditure in Southeast Asian Countries
title_short Unraveling the Dynamic Nexus Between Trade Liberalization, Energy Consumption, CO(2) Emissions, and Health Expenditure in Southeast Asian Countries
title_sort unraveling the dynamic nexus between trade liberalization, energy consumption, co(2) emissions, and health expenditure in southeast asian countries
topic Original Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7547123/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33116973
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S272801
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