Oxygen Functional Groups on MWCNT Surface as Critical Factor Boosting T(2) Relaxation Rate of Water Protons: Towards Improved CNT-Based Contrast Agents

PURPOSE: Salicyl (Sal) – among other oxygen functionalities – multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and their nanohybrids are investigated as promising contrast agents (CA) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or drug delivery platforms, due to their unique properties. The preliminary results and the literature reports were the motivation to endow high r(2) relaxivities, excellent dispersibility in water, and biocompatibility to superparamagnetic MWCNTs nanohybrids. It was hypothesized that these goals could be achieved by, not described in the literature yet, two-stage oxygen functionalization of MWCNTs. RESULTS: Two structurally different MWCNT materials differing in diameters (44 and 12 nm) and the iron content (4.7% and 0.5%) are studied toward the functionalization effect on the T(2) relaxometric properties. MWCNT oxidation is typically the first step of functionalization resulting in “first generation” oxygen functional groups (OFGs) on the surface. Until now, the impact of OFGs on the relaxivity of MWCNT was not truly recognized, but this study sheds light on this issue. By follow-up functionalization of oxidized MWCNT with 4-azidosalicylic acid through [2+1] cycloaddition of the corresponding nitrene, “second generation” of oxygen functional groups is grafted onto the nanohybrid, ie, Sal functionality. CONCLUSION: The introduced OFGs are responsible for an almost 30% increase in the relaxivity, which leads to remarkable r(2) relaxivity of 951 mM(−1)s(−1) (419 (mg/mL)(−1)s(−1)), the unprecedented value reported to date for this class of CAs. Also, the resulting nanohybrids express low cytotoxicity and superb diffusion after subcutaneous injection to a mouse.