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The “sugar‐coated bullets” of cancer: Tumor‐derived exosome surface glycosylation from basic knowledge to applications

Scientific interest in exosomes has exploded in recent decades. In 1990 only three articles were published on exosomes, while over 1,700 have already been published half‐way into 2020.(1) While researchers have shown much interest in exosomes since being discovered in 1981, an appreciation of the po...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Lin, Shanyi, Zhou, Shumin, Yuan, Ting
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7551131/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33135347
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.204
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author Lin, Shanyi
Zhou, Shumin
Yuan, Ting
author_facet Lin, Shanyi
Zhou, Shumin
Yuan, Ting
author_sort Lin, Shanyi
collection PubMed
description Scientific interest in exosomes has exploded in recent decades. In 1990 only three articles were published on exosomes, while over 1,700 have already been published half‐way into 2020.(1) While researchers have shown much interest in exosomes since being discovered in 1981, an appreciation of the potential role of glycans in exosome structure and function has emerged only recently. Glycosylation is one of the most common post‐translational modification, which functions in many physiological and pathological aspects of cellular function. Many components of exosomes are heavily glycosylated including proteins, lipids, among others. Thus, glycosylation undoubtedly has a great impact on exosome biosynthesis and function. Despite the importance of glycosylation in exosomes and the recent recognition of them as biomarkers for not only malignancies but also other system dysfunction and disease, the characterization of exosome glycans remains understudied. In this review, we discuss glycosylation patterns of exosomes derived from various tissues, their biological features, and potential for various clinical applications. We highlight state‐of‐the‐art knowledge about the fine structure of exosomes, which will allow researchers to reconstruct them by surface modification. These efforts will likely lead to novel disease‐related biomarker discovery, purification tagging, and targeted drug transfer for clinical applications in the future.
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spelling pubmed-75511312020-10-19 The “sugar‐coated bullets” of cancer: Tumor‐derived exosome surface glycosylation from basic knowledge to applications Lin, Shanyi Zhou, Shumin Yuan, Ting Clin Transl Med Reviews Scientific interest in exosomes has exploded in recent decades. In 1990 only three articles were published on exosomes, while over 1,700 have already been published half‐way into 2020.(1) While researchers have shown much interest in exosomes since being discovered in 1981, an appreciation of the potential role of glycans in exosome structure and function has emerged only recently. Glycosylation is one of the most common post‐translational modification, which functions in many physiological and pathological aspects of cellular function. Many components of exosomes are heavily glycosylated including proteins, lipids, among others. Thus, glycosylation undoubtedly has a great impact on exosome biosynthesis and function. Despite the importance of glycosylation in exosomes and the recent recognition of them as biomarkers for not only malignancies but also other system dysfunction and disease, the characterization of exosome glycans remains understudied. In this review, we discuss glycosylation patterns of exosomes derived from various tissues, their biological features, and potential for various clinical applications. We highlight state‐of‐the‐art knowledge about the fine structure of exosomes, which will allow researchers to reconstruct them by surface modification. These efforts will likely lead to novel disease‐related biomarker discovery, purification tagging, and targeted drug transfer for clinical applications in the future. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2020-10-13 /pmc/articles/PMC7551131/ /pubmed/33135347 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.204 Text en © 2020 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Reviews
Lin, Shanyi
Zhou, Shumin
Yuan, Ting
The “sugar‐coated bullets” of cancer: Tumor‐derived exosome surface glycosylation from basic knowledge to applications
title The “sugar‐coated bullets” of cancer: Tumor‐derived exosome surface glycosylation from basic knowledge to applications
title_full The “sugar‐coated bullets” of cancer: Tumor‐derived exosome surface glycosylation from basic knowledge to applications
title_fullStr The “sugar‐coated bullets” of cancer: Tumor‐derived exosome surface glycosylation from basic knowledge to applications
title_full_unstemmed The “sugar‐coated bullets” of cancer: Tumor‐derived exosome surface glycosylation from basic knowledge to applications
title_short The “sugar‐coated bullets” of cancer: Tumor‐derived exosome surface glycosylation from basic knowledge to applications
title_sort “sugar‐coated bullets” of cancer: tumor‐derived exosome surface glycosylation from basic knowledge to applications
topic Reviews
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7551131/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33135347
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.204
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