Novel Approach for Characterizing Propofol Binding Affinities to Serum Albumins from Different Species

[Image: see text] The interaction between the main carrier (serum albumin, SA) of endogenous and exogenous compounds in the bloodstream of different species (human, bovine, canine, rat, rabbit, and sheep) and a general anesthetic agent (propofol, PR) was investigated using an experimental technique (high-performance liquid chromatography) and computational methods (molecular docking, molecular dynamics, sequence, and phylogenetic analyses). The obtained results revealed the differences in the PR binding affinity to various homologous forms of this protein with reliable statistics (R(2) = 0.9 and p-value < 0.005), correlating with the evolutionary relationships among SAs from different species. Additionally, the protein conformational changes (root-mean-square deviation ≈ 1.0 Å) and amino acid conservation of binding sites in protein domains were detected, contributing to the SA–PR binding modes. Overall, the outcomes from this study might provide a novel methodology to assess protein–ligand interactions and to gain some interesting insights into drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to explain its variations among different species.