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Optimization of the Rubber Formulation for Footwear Applications from the Response Surface Method

Impact force remains the primary cause of foot injury and general discomfort with regard to footwear. The footwear industry traditionally relies on modified elastomers (including natural rubber) whose properties can be physically adjusted by varying the constituents in the rubber formulations. This...

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Autores principales: Srewaradachpisal, Satta, Dechwayukul, Charoenyutr, Chatpun, Surapong, Spontak, Richard J., Thongruang, Wiriya
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7563865/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32906718
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092032
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author Srewaradachpisal, Satta
Dechwayukul, Charoenyutr
Chatpun, Surapong
Spontak, Richard J.
Thongruang, Wiriya
author_facet Srewaradachpisal, Satta
Dechwayukul, Charoenyutr
Chatpun, Surapong
Spontak, Richard J.
Thongruang, Wiriya
author_sort Srewaradachpisal, Satta
collection PubMed
description Impact force remains the primary cause of foot injury and general discomfort with regard to footwear. The footwear industry traditionally relies on modified elastomers (including natural rubber) whose properties can be physically adjusted by varying the constituents in the rubber formulations. This work aims to investigate the effect of filler/plasticizer fractions on shock attenuation of natural rubber soles. The statistical response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the loading of natural rubber, fillers (carbon black and china clay) and a plasticizer (paraffinic oil). A novel predictive equation addressing the effects of additives on the physical and mechanical properties of the shoe sole was successfully created using the RSM. Our results demonstrate how the concentrations of these components regulate final properties, such as impact force absorption and hardness, in the commercial manufacture of shoe soles. While a higher loading level of plasticizer promotes reductions in hardness and impact force, as well as energy dissipation, in these modified elastomers, these properties were improved by increasing the filler content.
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spelling pubmed-75638652020-10-27 Optimization of the Rubber Formulation for Footwear Applications from the Response Surface Method Srewaradachpisal, Satta Dechwayukul, Charoenyutr Chatpun, Surapong Spontak, Richard J. Thongruang, Wiriya Polymers (Basel) Article Impact force remains the primary cause of foot injury and general discomfort with regard to footwear. The footwear industry traditionally relies on modified elastomers (including natural rubber) whose properties can be physically adjusted by varying the constituents in the rubber formulations. This work aims to investigate the effect of filler/plasticizer fractions on shock attenuation of natural rubber soles. The statistical response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the loading of natural rubber, fillers (carbon black and china clay) and a plasticizer (paraffinic oil). A novel predictive equation addressing the effects of additives on the physical and mechanical properties of the shoe sole was successfully created using the RSM. Our results demonstrate how the concentrations of these components regulate final properties, such as impact force absorption and hardness, in the commercial manufacture of shoe soles. While a higher loading level of plasticizer promotes reductions in hardness and impact force, as well as energy dissipation, in these modified elastomers, these properties were improved by increasing the filler content. MDPI 2020-09-07 /pmc/articles/PMC7563865/ /pubmed/32906718 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092032 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Srewaradachpisal, Satta
Dechwayukul, Charoenyutr
Chatpun, Surapong
Spontak, Richard J.
Thongruang, Wiriya
Optimization of the Rubber Formulation for Footwear Applications from the Response Surface Method
title Optimization of the Rubber Formulation for Footwear Applications from the Response Surface Method
title_full Optimization of the Rubber Formulation for Footwear Applications from the Response Surface Method
title_fullStr Optimization of the Rubber Formulation for Footwear Applications from the Response Surface Method
title_full_unstemmed Optimization of the Rubber Formulation for Footwear Applications from the Response Surface Method
title_short Optimization of the Rubber Formulation for Footwear Applications from the Response Surface Method
title_sort optimization of the rubber formulation for footwear applications from the response surface method
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7563865/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32906718
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092032
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