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Mycoplasmas–Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation

Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating prokaryotes. Located everywhere in nature, they are widespread as parasites of humans, mammals, reptiles, fish, arthropods, and plants. They usually exhibiting organ and tissue specificity. Mycoplasmas belong to the class named Mollicutes (m...

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Autores principales: Benedetti, Francesca, Curreli, Sabrina, Zella, Davide
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7565387/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32899663
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091351
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author Benedetti, Francesca
Curreli, Sabrina
Zella, Davide
author_facet Benedetti, Francesca
Curreli, Sabrina
Zella, Davide
author_sort Benedetti, Francesca
collection PubMed
description Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating prokaryotes. Located everywhere in nature, they are widespread as parasites of humans, mammals, reptiles, fish, arthropods, and plants. They usually exhibiting organ and tissue specificity. Mycoplasmas belong to the class named Mollicutes (mollis = soft and cutis = skin, in Latin), and their small size and absence of a cell wall contribute to distinguish them from other bacteria. Mycoplasma species are found both outside the cells as membrane surface parasites and inside the cells, where they become intracellular residents as “silent parasites”. In humans, some Mycoplasma species are found as commensal inhabitants, while others have a significant impact on the cellular metabolism and physiology. Mollicutes lack typical bacterial PAMPs (e.g., lipoteichoic acid, flagellin, and some lipopolysaccharides) and consequently the exact molecular mechanisms of Mycoplasmas’ recognition by the cells of the immune system is the subjects of several researches for its pathogenic implications. It is well known that several strains of Mycoplasma suppress the transcriptional activity of p53, resulting in reduced apoptosis of damaged cells. In addition, some Mycoplasmas were reported to have oncogenic potential since they demonstrated not just accumulation of abnormalities but also phenotypic changes of the cells. Aim of this review is to provide an update of the current literature that implicates Mycoplasmas in triggering inflammation and altering critical cellular pathways, thus providing a better insight into potential mechanisms of cellular transformation.
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spelling pubmed-75653872020-10-26 Mycoplasmas–Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation Benedetti, Francesca Curreli, Sabrina Zella, Davide Microorganisms Review Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating prokaryotes. Located everywhere in nature, they are widespread as parasites of humans, mammals, reptiles, fish, arthropods, and plants. They usually exhibiting organ and tissue specificity. Mycoplasmas belong to the class named Mollicutes (mollis = soft and cutis = skin, in Latin), and their small size and absence of a cell wall contribute to distinguish them from other bacteria. Mycoplasma species are found both outside the cells as membrane surface parasites and inside the cells, where they become intracellular residents as “silent parasites”. In humans, some Mycoplasma species are found as commensal inhabitants, while others have a significant impact on the cellular metabolism and physiology. Mollicutes lack typical bacterial PAMPs (e.g., lipoteichoic acid, flagellin, and some lipopolysaccharides) and consequently the exact molecular mechanisms of Mycoplasmas’ recognition by the cells of the immune system is the subjects of several researches for its pathogenic implications. It is well known that several strains of Mycoplasma suppress the transcriptional activity of p53, resulting in reduced apoptosis of damaged cells. In addition, some Mycoplasmas were reported to have oncogenic potential since they demonstrated not just accumulation of abnormalities but also phenotypic changes of the cells. Aim of this review is to provide an update of the current literature that implicates Mycoplasmas in triggering inflammation and altering critical cellular pathways, thus providing a better insight into potential mechanisms of cellular transformation. MDPI 2020-09-04 /pmc/articles/PMC7565387/ /pubmed/32899663 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091351 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Benedetti, Francesca
Curreli, Sabrina
Zella, Davide
Mycoplasmas–Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation
title Mycoplasmas–Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation
title_full Mycoplasmas–Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation
title_fullStr Mycoplasmas–Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation
title_full_unstemmed Mycoplasmas–Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation
title_short Mycoplasmas–Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation
title_sort mycoplasmas–host interaction: mechanisms of inflammation and association with cellular transformation
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7565387/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32899663
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091351
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