Epigenome-wide DNA methylation profiling of portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) tissues in hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Aberrant methylation is a hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma and plays an important role in tumor initiation and progression. However, the epigenome-wide methylation patterns of portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTTs) have not been fully explored. Here, we performed epigenome-wide DNA methylation of adjacent normal tissues (ANTs), paired tumor tissues and paired PVTTs using an Infinium HumanMethylation450 array (n = 11) and conducted the Sequenom EpiTYPER assays to confirm the aberrantly methylated genes. MTS and apoptosis assay were used to assess the synergistic effect of two drugs on the HCC cell lines. We found the mean global methylation levels of HCC tissues and PVTTs were significantly lower than ANTs (P < 0.01). A total of 864 differentially methylated CpG sites annotated in 532 genes were identified between HCC tissues and paired PVTTs (|mean methylation difference|>10%, P < 0.005). The pathway analysis based on hypermethylated genes in PVTT tissues was interestingly enriched in regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway (P = 4.48E−5). We found 23 genes whose methylation levels were gradually alternated in HCC tissues and PVTTs. Aberrant methylation status of TNFRSF10A, ZC3H3 and SLC9A3R2 were confirmed in a validation cohort (n = 48). The functional experiments demonstrated the combination of decitabine (DAC) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (rh-TRAIL) could synergistically suppress the proliferation and induce apoptosis in SK-Hep-1 and Huh7 cell lines. Together, our findings indicated that DNA methylation plays an important role in the PVTT formation through regulating the metastasis-related pathways. The combination of DAC and rh-TRAIL might be a promising treatment strategy for HCC.