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SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment

The emergence and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 has brought the world to a standstill. While less pathogenic than the 2002–2003 SARS-CoV, this novel betacoronavirus presents a global threat due to its high transmission rate, ability to invade multiple tissues, and ability to trigger im...

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Autores principales: Khalaf, Khalil, Papp, Natalia, Chou, Jadzia Tin-Tsen, Hana, Doris, Mackiewicz, Andrzej, Kaczmarek, Mariusz
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7573101/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33123144
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.570927
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author Khalaf, Khalil
Papp, Natalia
Chou, Jadzia Tin-Tsen
Hana, Doris
Mackiewicz, Andrzej
Kaczmarek, Mariusz
author_facet Khalaf, Khalil
Papp, Natalia
Chou, Jadzia Tin-Tsen
Hana, Doris
Mackiewicz, Andrzej
Kaczmarek, Mariusz
author_sort Khalaf, Khalil
collection PubMed
description The emergence and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 has brought the world to a standstill. While less pathogenic than the 2002–2003 SARS-CoV, this novel betacoronavirus presents a global threat due to its high transmission rate, ability to invade multiple tissues, and ability to trigger immunological hyperactivation. The identification of the animal reservoir and intermediate host were important steps toward slowing the spread of disease, and its genetic similarity to SARS-CoV has helped to determine pathogenesis and direct treatment strategies. The exponential increase in cases has necessitated fast and reliable testing procedures. Although RT-PCR remains the gold standard, it is a time-consuming procedure, paving the way for newer techniques such as serologic tests and enzyme immunoassays. Various clinical trials using broad antiviral agents in addition to novel medications have produced controversial results; however, the advancement of immunotherapy, particularly monoclonal antibodies and immune modulators is showing great promise in clinical trials. Non-orthodox medications such as anti-malarials have been tested in multiple institutions but definitive conclusions are yet to be made. Adjuvant therapies have also proven to be effective in decreasing mortality in the disease course. While no formal guidelines have been established, the multitude of ongoing clinical trials as a result of unprecedented access to research data brings us closer to halting the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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spelling pubmed-75731012020-10-28 SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment Khalaf, Khalil Papp, Natalia Chou, Jadzia Tin-Tsen Hana, Doris Mackiewicz, Andrzej Kaczmarek, Mariusz Front Immunol Immunology The emergence and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 has brought the world to a standstill. While less pathogenic than the 2002–2003 SARS-CoV, this novel betacoronavirus presents a global threat due to its high transmission rate, ability to invade multiple tissues, and ability to trigger immunological hyperactivation. The identification of the animal reservoir and intermediate host were important steps toward slowing the spread of disease, and its genetic similarity to SARS-CoV has helped to determine pathogenesis and direct treatment strategies. The exponential increase in cases has necessitated fast and reliable testing procedures. Although RT-PCR remains the gold standard, it is a time-consuming procedure, paving the way for newer techniques such as serologic tests and enzyme immunoassays. Various clinical trials using broad antiviral agents in addition to novel medications have produced controversial results; however, the advancement of immunotherapy, particularly monoclonal antibodies and immune modulators is showing great promise in clinical trials. Non-orthodox medications such as anti-malarials have been tested in multiple institutions but definitive conclusions are yet to be made. Adjuvant therapies have also proven to be effective in decreasing mortality in the disease course. While no formal guidelines have been established, the multitude of ongoing clinical trials as a result of unprecedented access to research data brings us closer to halting the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-10-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7573101/ /pubmed/33123144 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.570927 Text en Copyright © 2020 Khalaf, Papp, Chou, Hana, Mackiewicz and Kaczmarek. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Khalaf, Khalil
Papp, Natalia
Chou, Jadzia Tin-Tsen
Hana, Doris
Mackiewicz, Andrzej
Kaczmarek, Mariusz
SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment
title SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment
title_full SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment
title_fullStr SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment
title_full_unstemmed SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment
title_short SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment
title_sort sars-cov-2: pathogenesis, and advancements in diagnostics and treatment
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7573101/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33123144
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.570927
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