How Do Aromatic Nitro Compounds React with Nucleophiles? Theoretical Description Using Aromaticity, Nucleophilicity and Electrophilicity Indices

In this study, we present a complete description of the addition of a model nucleophile to the nitroaromatic ring in positions occupied either by hydrogen (the first step of the S(N)Ar-H reaction) or a leaving group (S(N)Ar-X reaction) using theoretical parameters including aromaticity (HOMA), electrophilicity and nucleophilicity indices. It was shown both experimentally and by our calculations, including kinetic isotope effect modeling, that the addition of a nucleophile to the electron-deficient aromatic ring is the rate limiting step of both S(N)Ar-X and S(N)Ar-H reactions when the fast transformation of σ(H)-adduct into the products is possible due to the specific reaction conditions, so this is the most important step of the entire reaction. The results described in this paper are helpful for better understanding of the subtle factors controlling the reaction direction and rate.