Down Syndrome Critical Region 1 Reduces Oxidative Stress–Induced Retinal Ganglion Cells Apoptosis via CREB–Bcl-2 Pathway

PURPOSE: Irreversible retina ganglion cell (RGC) loss is a key process during glaucoma progression. Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1) has been shown to have protective effects against neuronal death. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of DSCR1 on RGCs. METHODS: DBA/2J mice and optic nerve crush (ONC) rat model were used for vivo assays. Oxidative stress model of primary RGCs was carried out with in vitro transduction. DSCR1 protein localization was assessed by immunofluorescence. Differential protein expression was validated by Western blot, and gene expression was detected by real-time PCR. TUNEL was used to identify cell apoptosis, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was used to analyze cell viability. RESULTS: Significant upregulation of DSCR1 was observed in DBA/2J mice, ONC rat model, and RGCs treated with H(2)O(2), reaching peaks at the age of 6 months in DBA/2J mice, 5 days after ONC in rats, and 24 hours after H(2)O(2) treatment in RGCs, respectively. DSCR1 was shown to be expressed in the ganglion cell layer. In vitro, overexpressed DSCR1 significantly promoted phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression, and RGC survival rate while reducing cleaved caspase 3 expression in H(2)O(2)-treated RGCs. On the other hand, the opposite effects were shown after knockdown of DSCR1. In addition, silencing of CREB inhibited expression of DSCR1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that DSCR1 might protect the RGCs against oxidative stress via the CREB–Bcl-2 pathway, which may provide a theoretical basis for future treatments of glaucoma.