Promising Applications of Tumor Spheroids and Organoids for Personalized Medicine

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Presently, the investigation of the tumor is carried out using different models. One of the promising areas is the creation of 3D tumor models, such as spheroids and organoids. These models are close in properties and organization to a native tumor. This review includes information about 3D tumor models, their differences, and methods for creating spheroids and organoids. The technical aspects of these models are summarized in this review. It provides an overview of the main uses of these models in personalized medicine to create a promising screening model for therapeutic agents and describes the latest research in this area. The combination of 3D tumor models and high-throughput approaches of personalized medicine (transcriptome, genomic, metabolomic, etc.) will open up new possibilities for the creation of improved therapy for oncological diseases. ABSTRACT: One of the promising directions in personalized medicine is the use of three-dimensional (3D) tumor models such as spheroids and organoids. Spheroids and organoids are three-dimensional cultures of tumor cells that can be obtained from patient tissue and, using high-throughput personalized medicine methods, provide a suitable therapy for that patient. These 3D models can be obtained from most types of tumors, which provides opportunities for the creation of biobanks with appropriate patient materials that can be used to screen drugs and facilitate the development of therapeutic agents. It should be noted that the use of spheroids and organoids would expand the understanding of tumor biology and its microenvironment, help develop new in vitro platforms for drug testing and create new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss 3D tumor spheroid and organoid models, their advantages and disadvantages, and evaluate their promising use in personalized medicine.