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Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of vision loss in the working-age population, is clinically defined as a microvascular disease that involves damage of the retinal capillaries with secondary visual impairment. While its clinical diag...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7598160/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32977483 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100905 |
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author | Miller, David J. Cascio, M. Ariel Rosca, Mariana G. |
author_facet | Miller, David J. Cascio, M. Ariel Rosca, Mariana G. |
author_sort | Miller, David J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of vision loss in the working-age population, is clinically defined as a microvascular disease that involves damage of the retinal capillaries with secondary visual impairment. While its clinical diagnosis is based on vascular pathology, DR is associated with early abnormalities in the electroretinogram, indicating alterations of the neural retina and impaired visual signaling. The pathogenesis of DR is complex and likely involves the simultaneous dysregulation of multiple metabolic and signaling pathways through the retinal neurovascular unit. There is evidence that microvascular disease in DR is caused in part by altered energetic metabolism in the neural retina and specifically from signals originating in the photoreceptors. In this review, we discuss the main pathogenic mechanisms that link alterations in neural retina bioenergetics with vascular regression in DR. We focus specifically on the recent developments related to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism including energetic substrate selection, mitochondrial function, oxidation-reduction (redox) imbalance, and oxidative stress, and critically discuss the mechanisms of these changes and their consequences on retinal function. We also acknowledge implications for emerging therapeutic approaches and future research directions to find novel mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies to correct bioenergetics in diabetes. We conclude that retinal bioenergetics is affected in the early stages of diabetes with consequences beyond changes in ATP content, and that maintaining mitochondrial integrity may alleviate retinal disease. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7598160 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-75981602020-10-31 Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease Miller, David J. Cascio, M. Ariel Rosca, Mariana G. Antioxidants (Basel) Review Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of vision loss in the working-age population, is clinically defined as a microvascular disease that involves damage of the retinal capillaries with secondary visual impairment. While its clinical diagnosis is based on vascular pathology, DR is associated with early abnormalities in the electroretinogram, indicating alterations of the neural retina and impaired visual signaling. The pathogenesis of DR is complex and likely involves the simultaneous dysregulation of multiple metabolic and signaling pathways through the retinal neurovascular unit. There is evidence that microvascular disease in DR is caused in part by altered energetic metabolism in the neural retina and specifically from signals originating in the photoreceptors. In this review, we discuss the main pathogenic mechanisms that link alterations in neural retina bioenergetics with vascular regression in DR. We focus specifically on the recent developments related to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism including energetic substrate selection, mitochondrial function, oxidation-reduction (redox) imbalance, and oxidative stress, and critically discuss the mechanisms of these changes and their consequences on retinal function. We also acknowledge implications for emerging therapeutic approaches and future research directions to find novel mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies to correct bioenergetics in diabetes. We conclude that retinal bioenergetics is affected in the early stages of diabetes with consequences beyond changes in ATP content, and that maintaining mitochondrial integrity may alleviate retinal disease. MDPI 2020-09-23 /pmc/articles/PMC7598160/ /pubmed/32977483 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100905 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Miller, David J. Cascio, M. Ariel Rosca, Mariana G. Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease |
title | Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease |
title_full | Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease |
title_fullStr | Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease |
title_full_unstemmed | Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease |
title_short | Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease |
title_sort | diabetic retinopathy: the role of mitochondria in the neural retina and microvascular disease |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7598160/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32977483 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100905 |
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