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Achieving the Minimum Roughness of Laser Milled Micro-Impressions on Ti 6Al 4V, Inconel 718, and Duralumin
Titanium-aluminium-vanadium (Ti 6Al 4V) alloys, nickel alloys (Inconel 718), and duraluminum alloys (AA 2000 series) are widely used materials in numerous engineering applications wherein machined features are required to having good surface finish. In this research, micro-impressions of 12 µm depth...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7601468/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33053899 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204523 |
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author | Ahmed, Naveed Rehman, Ateekh Ur Ishfaq, Kashif Naveed, Rakhshanda Moiduddin, Khaja Umer, Usama E Ragab, Adham Al-Zabidi, Ayoub |
author_facet | Ahmed, Naveed Rehman, Ateekh Ur Ishfaq, Kashif Naveed, Rakhshanda Moiduddin, Khaja Umer, Usama E Ragab, Adham Al-Zabidi, Ayoub |
author_sort | Ahmed, Naveed |
collection | PubMed |
description | Titanium-aluminium-vanadium (Ti 6Al 4V) alloys, nickel alloys (Inconel 718), and duraluminum alloys (AA 2000 series) are widely used materials in numerous engineering applications wherein machined features are required to having good surface finish. In this research, micro-impressions of 12 µm depth are milled on these materials though laser milling. Response surface methodology based design of experiment is followed resulting in 54 experiments per work material. Five laser parameters are considered naming lamp current intensity (I), pulse frequency (f), scanning speed (V), layer thickness (LT), and track displacement (TD). Process performance is evaluated and compared in terms of surface roughness through several statistical and microscopic analysis. The significance, strength, and direction of each of the five laser parametric effects are deeply investigated for the said alloys. Optimized laser parameters are proposed to achieve minimum surface roughness. For the optimized combination of laser parameters to achieve minimum surface roughness (Ra) in the titanium alloy, the said alloy consists of I = 85%, f = 20 kHz, V = 250 mm/s, TD = 11 µm, and LT = 3 µm. Similarly, optimized parameters for nickel alloy are as follows: I = 85%, f = 20 kHz, V = 256 mm/s, TD = 8 µm, and LT = 1 µm. Minimum roughness (Ra) on the surface of aluminum alloys can be achieved under the following optimized parameters: I = 75%, f = 20 kHz, V = 200 mm/s, TD = 12 µm, and LT = 3 µm. Micro-impressions produced under optimized parameters have surface roughness of 0.56 µm, 2.46 µm, and 0.54 µm on titanium alloy, nickel alloy, and duralumin, respectively. Some engineering applications need to have high surface roughness (e.g., in case of biomedical implants) or some desired level of roughness. Therefore, validated statistical models are presented to estimate the desired level of roughness against any laser parametric settings. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7601468 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-76014682020-11-01 Achieving the Minimum Roughness of Laser Milled Micro-Impressions on Ti 6Al 4V, Inconel 718, and Duralumin Ahmed, Naveed Rehman, Ateekh Ur Ishfaq, Kashif Naveed, Rakhshanda Moiduddin, Khaja Umer, Usama E Ragab, Adham Al-Zabidi, Ayoub Materials (Basel) Article Titanium-aluminium-vanadium (Ti 6Al 4V) alloys, nickel alloys (Inconel 718), and duraluminum alloys (AA 2000 series) are widely used materials in numerous engineering applications wherein machined features are required to having good surface finish. In this research, micro-impressions of 12 µm depth are milled on these materials though laser milling. Response surface methodology based design of experiment is followed resulting in 54 experiments per work material. Five laser parameters are considered naming lamp current intensity (I), pulse frequency (f), scanning speed (V), layer thickness (LT), and track displacement (TD). Process performance is evaluated and compared in terms of surface roughness through several statistical and microscopic analysis. The significance, strength, and direction of each of the five laser parametric effects are deeply investigated for the said alloys. Optimized laser parameters are proposed to achieve minimum surface roughness. For the optimized combination of laser parameters to achieve minimum surface roughness (Ra) in the titanium alloy, the said alloy consists of I = 85%, f = 20 kHz, V = 250 mm/s, TD = 11 µm, and LT = 3 µm. Similarly, optimized parameters for nickel alloy are as follows: I = 85%, f = 20 kHz, V = 256 mm/s, TD = 8 µm, and LT = 1 µm. Minimum roughness (Ra) on the surface of aluminum alloys can be achieved under the following optimized parameters: I = 75%, f = 20 kHz, V = 200 mm/s, TD = 12 µm, and LT = 3 µm. Micro-impressions produced under optimized parameters have surface roughness of 0.56 µm, 2.46 µm, and 0.54 µm on titanium alloy, nickel alloy, and duralumin, respectively. Some engineering applications need to have high surface roughness (e.g., in case of biomedical implants) or some desired level of roughness. Therefore, validated statistical models are presented to estimate the desired level of roughness against any laser parametric settings. MDPI 2020-10-12 /pmc/articles/PMC7601468/ /pubmed/33053899 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204523 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Ahmed, Naveed Rehman, Ateekh Ur Ishfaq, Kashif Naveed, Rakhshanda Moiduddin, Khaja Umer, Usama E Ragab, Adham Al-Zabidi, Ayoub Achieving the Minimum Roughness of Laser Milled Micro-Impressions on Ti 6Al 4V, Inconel 718, and Duralumin |
title | Achieving the Minimum Roughness of Laser Milled Micro-Impressions on Ti 6Al 4V, Inconel 718, and Duralumin |
title_full | Achieving the Minimum Roughness of Laser Milled Micro-Impressions on Ti 6Al 4V, Inconel 718, and Duralumin |
title_fullStr | Achieving the Minimum Roughness of Laser Milled Micro-Impressions on Ti 6Al 4V, Inconel 718, and Duralumin |
title_full_unstemmed | Achieving the Minimum Roughness of Laser Milled Micro-Impressions on Ti 6Al 4V, Inconel 718, and Duralumin |
title_short | Achieving the Minimum Roughness of Laser Milled Micro-Impressions on Ti 6Al 4V, Inconel 718, and Duralumin |
title_sort | achieving the minimum roughness of laser milled micro-impressions on ti 6al 4v, inconel 718, and duralumin |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7601468/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33053899 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204523 |
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