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Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors and Iron Supplementation Among High School Distance Runners: Results From a Triad Risk Screening Tool
BACKGROUND: Investigations of the female athlete triad (Triad) in high school athletes have found that 36% had low energy availability, 54% had menstrual abnormalities, and 16% had low bone mineral density (BMD). Limited data are available showing the prevalence of these risk factors in high school...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
SAGE Publications
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7605010/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33195716 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120959725 |
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author | Skorseth, Paige Segovia, Nicole Hastings, Katherine Kraus, Emily |
author_facet | Skorseth, Paige Segovia, Nicole Hastings, Katherine Kraus, Emily |
author_sort | Skorseth, Paige |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Investigations of the female athlete triad (Triad) in high school athletes have found that 36% had low energy availability, 54% had menstrual abnormalities, and 16% had low bone mineral density (BMD). Limited data are available showing the prevalence of these risk factors in high school distance runners or regarding best practice on screening for the Triad in the adolescent population. PURPOSE: To (1) evaluate the prevalence of Triad risk factors and iron supplementation in high school distance runners and (2) pilot a screening tool for Triad risk score. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: The study population included female high school athletes who participated in cross-country/track. Participants completed a survey including questions regarding dietary habits, menstrual history, and bone stress injury (BSI) history. They then underwent evaluation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, free triiodothyronine (T(3)), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to measure body fat and BMD through use of age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched Z scores. Triad scores were calculated. Relationships were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: There were 38 study participants (mean age, 16.9 years). Average body mass index was 19.8 kg/m(2). Disordered eating or eating disorders were reported in 76.3% of runners; in addition, 23.7% reported delayed menarche, 45.9% had a history of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, 42.1% had low BMD (Z score < –1.0), and 15.8% reported prior BSI. Low free T(3) was significantly associated with higher Triad risk scores (r (S) = –0.36; P = .028). More than 42% of athletes were supplementing iron. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Triad risk factors in high school distance runners was high. Free T(3) was inversely associated with Triad score, which may serve as an indicator of low energy availability. Nearly half of the athletes were using iron supplementation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7605010 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | SAGE Publications |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-76050102020-11-12 Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors and Iron Supplementation Among High School Distance Runners: Results From a Triad Risk Screening Tool Skorseth, Paige Segovia, Nicole Hastings, Katherine Kraus, Emily Orthop J Sports Med Article BACKGROUND: Investigations of the female athlete triad (Triad) in high school athletes have found that 36% had low energy availability, 54% had menstrual abnormalities, and 16% had low bone mineral density (BMD). Limited data are available showing the prevalence of these risk factors in high school distance runners or regarding best practice on screening for the Triad in the adolescent population. PURPOSE: To (1) evaluate the prevalence of Triad risk factors and iron supplementation in high school distance runners and (2) pilot a screening tool for Triad risk score. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: The study population included female high school athletes who participated in cross-country/track. Participants completed a survey including questions regarding dietary habits, menstrual history, and bone stress injury (BSI) history. They then underwent evaluation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, free triiodothyronine (T(3)), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to measure body fat and BMD through use of age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched Z scores. Triad scores were calculated. Relationships were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: There were 38 study participants (mean age, 16.9 years). Average body mass index was 19.8 kg/m(2). Disordered eating or eating disorders were reported in 76.3% of runners; in addition, 23.7% reported delayed menarche, 45.9% had a history of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, 42.1% had low BMD (Z score < –1.0), and 15.8% reported prior BSI. Low free T(3) was significantly associated with higher Triad risk scores (r (S) = –0.36; P = .028). More than 42% of athletes were supplementing iron. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Triad risk factors in high school distance runners was high. Free T(3) was inversely associated with Triad score, which may serve as an indicator of low energy availability. Nearly half of the athletes were using iron supplementation. SAGE Publications 2020-10-27 /pmc/articles/PMC7605010/ /pubmed/33195716 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120959725 Text en © The Author(s) 2020 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work as published without adaptation or alteration, without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). |
spellingShingle | Article Skorseth, Paige Segovia, Nicole Hastings, Katherine Kraus, Emily Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors and Iron Supplementation Among High School Distance Runners: Results From a Triad Risk Screening Tool |
title | Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors and Iron Supplementation Among High School Distance Runners: Results From a Triad Risk Screening Tool |
title_full | Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors and Iron Supplementation Among High School Distance Runners: Results From a Triad Risk Screening Tool |
title_fullStr | Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors and Iron Supplementation Among High School Distance Runners: Results From a Triad Risk Screening Tool |
title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors and Iron Supplementation Among High School Distance Runners: Results From a Triad Risk Screening Tool |
title_short | Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors and Iron Supplementation Among High School Distance Runners: Results From a Triad Risk Screening Tool |
title_sort | prevalence of female athlete triad risk factors and iron supplementation among high school distance runners: results from a triad risk screening tool |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7605010/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33195716 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120959725 |
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