Cargando…
A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya)
BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests close domestic proximity of livestock and humans may lead to microbiological contamination of hands, objects, food and water supplies within domestic environments, adversely impacting public health. However, evidence quantifying the relationship between livesto...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Urban & Fischer
2020
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7607227/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32911124 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113602 |
_version_ | 1783604605650731008 |
---|---|
author | Trajano Gomes da Silva, Diogo Ebdon, James Okotto-Okotto, Joseph Ade, Frederick Mito, Oscar Wanza, Peggy Kwoba, Emmah Mwangi, Thumbi Yu, Weiyu Wright, Jim A. |
author_facet | Trajano Gomes da Silva, Diogo Ebdon, James Okotto-Okotto, Joseph Ade, Frederick Mito, Oscar Wanza, Peggy Kwoba, Emmah Mwangi, Thumbi Yu, Weiyu Wright, Jim A. |
author_sort | Trajano Gomes da Silva, Diogo |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests close domestic proximity of livestock and humans may lead to microbiological contamination of hands, objects, food and water supplies within domestic environments, adversely impacting public health. However, evidence quantifying the relationship between livestock, domestic animals, humans and microbiological contamination of household stored water remains limited. AIM: This longitudinal study aimed to examine the relationship between domestic contact with livestock and domestic animals on microbiological contamination of household Point-of-Use (POU) stored drinking water in rural Kenya and assess the influence of choice of faecal indicator on such associations. METHODOLOGY: A survey was performed in 234 households in Siaya county, Kenya, to observe presence of livestock (cattle, goats, poultry) and domestic animals (cats, dogs) in household compounds, alongside other risk factors for contamination of POU stored drinking water such as sanitation, storage conditions and hygiene practices. Samples from water sources (e.g. piped, spring/wells, boreholes, surface and rainwater) and from POU storage containers were tested for E. coli and intestinal enterococci. Livestock-related risk factors for water contamination were examined through multinomial regression, controlling for confounders. RESULTS: Rainwater was the main POU water source and was found to be highly susceptible to contamination. Multivariate analysis showed greater risk of gross (>100 CFU/100 mL) water contamination (with E. coli) for households where goats were observed, and/or where poultry roosted in proximity to stored household water (relative risk RR = 2.71; p = 0.001 and RR = 2.02; p = 0.012 respectively). Presence of a poultry coop was also associated with elevated intestinal enterococci densities (RR = 4.46; p = 0.001). Associations between contamination and livestock risk factors were thus similar for both bacteria groups, but E. coli counts declined more rapidly following collection from surface waters than enterococci counts (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: The presence of livestock (particularly goats) and poultry within household compounds increases POU water contamination risk, suggesting the need for improved interventions to address cross-contamination within rural domestic settings. Within Siaya county, more effective community education is needed to raise awareness of POU water quality protection, particularly of rainwater. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7607227 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Urban & Fischer |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-76072272020-11-06 A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya) Trajano Gomes da Silva, Diogo Ebdon, James Okotto-Okotto, Joseph Ade, Frederick Mito, Oscar Wanza, Peggy Kwoba, Emmah Mwangi, Thumbi Yu, Weiyu Wright, Jim A. Int J Hyg Environ Health Article BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests close domestic proximity of livestock and humans may lead to microbiological contamination of hands, objects, food and water supplies within domestic environments, adversely impacting public health. However, evidence quantifying the relationship between livestock, domestic animals, humans and microbiological contamination of household stored water remains limited. AIM: This longitudinal study aimed to examine the relationship between domestic contact with livestock and domestic animals on microbiological contamination of household Point-of-Use (POU) stored drinking water in rural Kenya and assess the influence of choice of faecal indicator on such associations. METHODOLOGY: A survey was performed in 234 households in Siaya county, Kenya, to observe presence of livestock (cattle, goats, poultry) and domestic animals (cats, dogs) in household compounds, alongside other risk factors for contamination of POU stored drinking water such as sanitation, storage conditions and hygiene practices. Samples from water sources (e.g. piped, spring/wells, boreholes, surface and rainwater) and from POU storage containers were tested for E. coli and intestinal enterococci. Livestock-related risk factors for water contamination were examined through multinomial regression, controlling for confounders. RESULTS: Rainwater was the main POU water source and was found to be highly susceptible to contamination. Multivariate analysis showed greater risk of gross (>100 CFU/100 mL) water contamination (with E. coli) for households where goats were observed, and/or where poultry roosted in proximity to stored household water (relative risk RR = 2.71; p = 0.001 and RR = 2.02; p = 0.012 respectively). Presence of a poultry coop was also associated with elevated intestinal enterococci densities (RR = 4.46; p = 0.001). Associations between contamination and livestock risk factors were thus similar for both bacteria groups, but E. coli counts declined more rapidly following collection from surface waters than enterococci counts (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: The presence of livestock (particularly goats) and poultry within household compounds increases POU water contamination risk, suggesting the need for improved interventions to address cross-contamination within rural domestic settings. Within Siaya county, more effective community education is needed to raise awareness of POU water quality protection, particularly of rainwater. Urban & Fischer 2020-09 /pmc/articles/PMC7607227/ /pubmed/32911124 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113602 Text en © 2020 The Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Trajano Gomes da Silva, Diogo Ebdon, James Okotto-Okotto, Joseph Ade, Frederick Mito, Oscar Wanza, Peggy Kwoba, Emmah Mwangi, Thumbi Yu, Weiyu Wright, Jim A. A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya) |
title | A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya) |
title_full | A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya) |
title_fullStr | A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya) |
title_full_unstemmed | A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya) |
title_short | A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya) |
title_sort | longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural siaya county (kenya) |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7607227/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32911124 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113602 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT trajanogomesdasilvadiogo alongitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT ebdonjames alongitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT okottookottojoseph alongitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT adefrederick alongitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT mitooscar alongitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT wanzapeggy alongitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT kwobaemmah alongitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT mwangithumbi alongitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT yuweiyu alongitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT wrightjima alongitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT trajanogomesdasilvadiogo longitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT ebdonjames longitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT okottookottojoseph longitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT adefrederick longitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT mitooscar longitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT wanzapeggy longitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT kwobaemmah longitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT mwangithumbi longitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT yuweiyu longitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya AT wrightjima longitudinalstudyoftheassociationbetweendomesticcontactwithlivestockandcontaminationofhouseholdpointofusestoreddrinkingwaterinruralsiayacountykenya |