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Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates and Infants Using Epidural Chloroprocaine and Clonidine

INTRODUCTION: In neonates and infants, epidural analgesia has gained popularity as a means of providing postoperative analgesia, limiting opioid-related adverse effects and improving the postoperative course. In addition to a local anesthetic agent, adjunctive agents may be added to further augment...

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Autores principales: Gibbs, Anna, Kim, Stephani S, Heydinger, Grant, Veneziano, Giorgio, Tobias, Joseph
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Dove 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7608143/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33154665
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S281484
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author Gibbs, Anna
Kim, Stephani S
Heydinger, Grant
Veneziano, Giorgio
Tobias, Joseph
author_facet Gibbs, Anna
Kim, Stephani S
Heydinger, Grant
Veneziano, Giorgio
Tobias, Joseph
author_sort Gibbs, Anna
collection PubMed
description INTRODUCTION: In neonates and infants, epidural analgesia has gained popularity as a means of providing postoperative analgesia, limiting opioid-related adverse effects and improving the postoperative course. In addition to a local anesthetic agent, adjunctive agents may be added to further augment analgesia. Clonidine is an α(2)-adrenergic agonist that is frequently added to single-shot caudal analgesia, but there are limited data regarding its use in a continuous epidural infusion, especially in patients ≤12 months of age. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of neonates and infants who received postoperative epidural infusions with 2-chloroprocaine, and clonidine was identified over a 4-year period. RESULTS: The study cohort included 52 neonates and infants ranging in age from 0 to 12 months and in weight from 2.1 to 10.1 kilograms. The catheters were dosed with either 1.5% 2-chloroprocaine (n=47) or 3% 2-chloroprocaine (n=5) with clonidine (median concentration 0.2 µg/mL) infused at a median rate of 0.72 mL/kg/hour. Pain scores were uniformly ≤3 at all evaluation points during the first 72 postoperative hours with a limited need for supplemental systemic opioids. No serious adverse effects were noted. CONCLUSION: With the recognized limitations of a retrospective study, these preliminary data demonstrate the safety of adding clonidine to an epidural infusion of 2-chloroprocaine in neonates and infants less than 12 months of age. Future studies are needed to determine its analgesic efficacy compared to 2-chloroprocaine alone and the optimal clonidine concentration for postoperative epidural infusions.
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spelling pubmed-76081432020-11-04 Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates and Infants Using Epidural Chloroprocaine and Clonidine Gibbs, Anna Kim, Stephani S Heydinger, Grant Veneziano, Giorgio Tobias, Joseph J Pain Res Original Research INTRODUCTION: In neonates and infants, epidural analgesia has gained popularity as a means of providing postoperative analgesia, limiting opioid-related adverse effects and improving the postoperative course. In addition to a local anesthetic agent, adjunctive agents may be added to further augment analgesia. Clonidine is an α(2)-adrenergic agonist that is frequently added to single-shot caudal analgesia, but there are limited data regarding its use in a continuous epidural infusion, especially in patients ≤12 months of age. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of neonates and infants who received postoperative epidural infusions with 2-chloroprocaine, and clonidine was identified over a 4-year period. RESULTS: The study cohort included 52 neonates and infants ranging in age from 0 to 12 months and in weight from 2.1 to 10.1 kilograms. The catheters were dosed with either 1.5% 2-chloroprocaine (n=47) or 3% 2-chloroprocaine (n=5) with clonidine (median concentration 0.2 µg/mL) infused at a median rate of 0.72 mL/kg/hour. Pain scores were uniformly ≤3 at all evaluation points during the first 72 postoperative hours with a limited need for supplemental systemic opioids. No serious adverse effects were noted. CONCLUSION: With the recognized limitations of a retrospective study, these preliminary data demonstrate the safety of adding clonidine to an epidural infusion of 2-chloroprocaine in neonates and infants less than 12 months of age. Future studies are needed to determine its analgesic efficacy compared to 2-chloroprocaine alone and the optimal clonidine concentration for postoperative epidural infusions. Dove 2020-10-30 /pmc/articles/PMC7608143/ /pubmed/33154665 http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S281484 Text en © 2020 Gibbs et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).
spellingShingle Original Research
Gibbs, Anna
Kim, Stephani S
Heydinger, Grant
Veneziano, Giorgio
Tobias, Joseph
Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates and Infants Using Epidural Chloroprocaine and Clonidine
title Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates and Infants Using Epidural Chloroprocaine and Clonidine
title_full Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates and Infants Using Epidural Chloroprocaine and Clonidine
title_fullStr Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates and Infants Using Epidural Chloroprocaine and Clonidine
title_full_unstemmed Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates and Infants Using Epidural Chloroprocaine and Clonidine
title_short Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates and Infants Using Epidural Chloroprocaine and Clonidine
title_sort postoperative analgesia in neonates and infants using epidural chloroprocaine and clonidine
topic Original Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7608143/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33154665
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S281484
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