Cardioprotective effects of GLP‐1(28‐36a): A degraded metabolite or GLP‐1’s better half?

Molecular mechanism underlying glucagon‐like peptide‐1 exertion of cardioprotective effects in glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor‐dependent and ‐independent manners. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (28‐36a) enters coronary artery endothelial cells through macropinocytosis and binds to mitochondrial trifunctional protein‐α, shifting substrate utilization to increase adenosine triphosphate production and modulating a adenosine triphosphate‐sensor soluble adenylyl cyclase, thereby producing cyclic adenosine monophosphate and activating protein kinase A to exert cytoprotection from oxidative injury.[Image: see text]