Copper nanowire embedded hypromellose polymer: An antibacterial nanocomposite film

The present work reports a novel antibacterial nanocomposite film comprising of copper nanowire impregnated biocompatible hypromellose using polyethylene glycol as a plasticiser. Detailed physico-chemical characterization using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy and electron microscopy shows uniform dispersion of copper nanowire in the polymer matrix without any apparent oxidation. The film is flexible and shows excellent antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and negative bacteria at 4.8 wt% nanowire loading with MIC values of 400 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL for E. coli and S. aureus respectively. Investigation into the antibacterial mechanism of the composite indicates multiple pathways including cellular membrane damage caused by released copper ions and reactive oxygen species generation in the microbial cell. Interestingly, the film showed good biocompatibility towards normal human dermal fibroblast at minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Compared to copper nanoparticles as reported earlier in vitro studies, this low cytotoxicity of copper nanowires is due to the slow dissolution rate of the film and production of lower amount of ROS producing Cu(2+) ions. Thus, the study indicates a strong potential for copper nanowire-based composites films in broader biomedical and clinical applications.